African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Diarrhoea is the most serious public health problemassociated with water and sanitation and canbe both waterborne and water-washed (fig.5.11).Safe water supply and appropriate sanitation arethe most essential requirements for a healthyand prosperous life. Therefore, simultaneouslyensuring safe water and appropriately dischargingwastewater must be considered an indispensableintegrated cycle. In a case where water is notavailable close to one’s premises, energy must bespent fetching water. This work trades off otherproductive activities, a fact corroborated by researchwhich discloses that access to direct watersupply systems provides the opportunity tospend more time in the field or on educationalactivities. Furthermore, if human excreta is nottreated appropriately, it would degrade waterresources and additional costs would have to beincurred to treat the contaminated water or tocapture uncontaminated water (Yamamura S. Tet al, 2002).WATER FOR MEETING BASIC NEEDSFig. 5.11: Global Burden of Diseases Linked to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene93
African Water Development Report 2006Water Management for HealthMore than 300 million people in Africa stilllack access to sufficient safe water and a largernumber to adequate sanitation (UNDP 1996).In sub-Saharan Africa, only about 51 percentof the people have access to safe water, and 45percent to sanitation (UNDP 1997). However,the proportions vary widely throughout the continent.In Libya and Mauritius, almost the entirepopulation has access to safe water and sanitation,as opposed to only about a quarter in Chad,Ethiopia and Madagascar (UNDP 1997). Urbanresidents generally have better access to safe waterand sanitation than those living in rural areas.For example, in 1994, only 30 per cent of therural people in Uganda had access to safe water,as against 60 per cent in urban centres (Ministryof Natural Resources, Uganda, 1995). Withrecurring droughts and chronic water shortagesin many areas, most countries and people pay anincreasingly high price for water and lack of it.The poor, especially women and children, usuallypay the highest price, in cash terms, to buy smallamounts of water. They also expend more in caloriesby carrying water from distant sources, suffermore in impaired health from contaminated orinsufficient water, and lose more in diminishedlivelihoods and lives.The 2000 Assessment Report gives a breakdownof some water-related diseases by means of provision,in addition to estimated overall coverage,as follows:(a)Approximately 4 billion cases of diarrhoeaeach year cause 2.2 million deaths, mostlyamong children under the age of five. This isequivalent to one child dying every 15 seconds,or 20 jumbo jets crashing every day.These deaths represent approximately 15 percent of all deaths of children under the ageof five in developing countries. Taking stepsto solve water, sanitation and hygiene problemsreduce diarrhoeal diseases by about onequarter and one third on average;(b) Intestinal worms infect about 10 per centof the people in the developing world.These can be controlled through better sanitation,hygiene and water supply. Intestinalparasitic infections can lead to malnutrition,anaemia and retarded growth, dependingon the severity of the infection;(c)It is estimated that 6 million people areblind from trachoma and the number ofpeople at risk from this disease is approximately500 million. In analysing rigorousepidemiological studies linking water to trachoma.Esrey et al. (1991) found that providingadequate quantities of water reducedthe median infection rate by 25 percent;(d) About 200 million people in the world areinfected with schistosomiasis. Of these20 million suffer severe consequences. Thedisease is still found in 74 countries of theworld. Esrey et al., in reviewing epidemiologicalstudies, found that well-designedwater and sanitation measures reduced thedisease by about 77 per cent;(e) Cholera is a worldwide problem that canbe prevented by ensuring that everyone hasaccess to safe drinking water, adequate excretadisposal systems and maintains goodhygiene behaviours.Major health risks arise where there are largeconcentrations of people and hygiene is poor.These conditions often occur in refugee camps,and special vigilance is needed to avoid outbreaksof disease. Most of the 58,057 cases of cholerareported in Zaire in 1994 occurred in refugeecamps near the Rwandan border. A decrease to553 cases in Zaire in 1995 reflected the stabilizationof refugee movement. A cholera epidemicthat began in Peru in 1990 spread to 16 othercountries in Latin America. A total of 378 488cases were reported in Latin America in 1991.Ten years later, cholera remains endemic, after ithad disappeared from the continent for nearly acentury (WHO/UNICEF, 2001)94
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 101: African Water Development Report 20
Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137: abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145: Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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