African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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WATER FOR FOODSECURITYFood security may have different meanings fordifferent people. The International Conferenceon Nutrition (ICN), held in Rome in 1992,defined food security as “access by all people atall times to the food needed for a healthy life”(FAO, 1997). According to FAO (1997), in orderto achieve food security a country must achievethree basic aims:(a) Ensure adequacy of food supplies in termsof quantity, quality and variety of food;(b) Optimize stability in the flow of supplies;and(c) Secure sustainable access to available suppliesby all who need them.Adequate food availability at the national, regionaland household levels, obtained throughmarkets and other channels, is the cornerstoneof nutritional well-being. At the household level,food security implies physical and economic accessto foods that are adequate in terms of quantity,nutritional quality, safety and cultural acceptabilityto meet each person's needs. Householdfood security depends on adequate income andassets, including land and other productive resources.Food security is ultimately associatedwith access to nutritionally adequate food at thehousehold level, that is the ability of householdsor individuals to acquire a nutritionally adequatediet at all times. It is well recognized that povertyis the principal cause of malnutrition (FAO,1997). Indicators for food security in Burundiindicate a decreasing trend in the percentage ofagricultural production to the overall gross domesticproduct and increasing food dependency(table 8.1).WATER FOR FOOD SECURITYBox 8.1 The Integrated Food Security Strategy for South Africa, 2002, declares:“At the national level, South Africa is food secure. It produces its main staple foods, exports its surplus food, and importswhat it needs to meet its food requirements. National food security indicators reveal that South Africa has been meetingthe food needs of its growing population from domestic sources in the past 20 years.”But at household and intra-household levels:“Currently about 35% of the total population, or 14.3 million South Africans, are vulnerable to food insecurity. Amongthese, women, children and the elderly are particularly more vulnerable.”Table 8.1: Indicators of Food Security in BurundiIndicatorYEAR1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000% of Agricultural Productionto GDP41,3 47,2 35,9 34,8 27,7 32,6 41,0 36,7 33,4 34,8 29,1Daily supply of Calories as103,1 102,7 - - - - - - - - -% of NeedsCoefficient of Food Dependency3,1 4,0 3,2 4,5 17,4 10,0 7,7 9,1 11,1 13,23 18,9Source: AWDR National Report, 2003 based on Data Base for Human Development Index: 1990-2000.191
African Water Development Report 2006AlgeriaAngolaBeninBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeC.African Rep.ChadComorosCongo, Dem. Rep.Congo, Rep.Côte d'IvoireDjiboutiEgyptEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaLibya.MadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaS. Tome &SenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSudanSwazilandTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabweand Nigeria, where the number has actually increased,and Ethiopia has substantially reducedthe number of undernourished persons.Increased and diversified production of food forfamily consumption or as a source of income isa basic prerequisite for improved household foodsecurity (FAO, 1997). Better home and communityfood processing, preservation and storageFigure 8.1: Number of Undernourished Persons in African countries (Millions)0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0Source: FAO Food Security Statistics Online.1995-97 2000-02Acute and chronic under-nutrition and most micronutrientdeficiencies primarily affect the poorand deprive people who do not have access toadequate food, live in unsanitary environmentswithout access to sufficient and clean water andbasic services and lack access to appropriate educationand information. In sub-Saharan Africa,where approximately 70 per cent of the populationlives in rural areas, crop and animal production,fisheries and forestry activities are directsources of food and provide income with whichto buy food. Figure 8.1 shows that in general incidentsof malnutrition have decreased in manyAfrican countries with the exception of theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, the Sudanand access to marketing facilities can also contributeto household food security by alleviatingseasonal shortages in food supply and stabilizingmarket prices. Lack of conservation techniques,allow most of Africa’s perishable agriculturalproducts, such as tomatoes, eggplant, cassava,192
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Page 170 and 171: Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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