African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Fertilisers are also a potential threat and althoughpollution from the use of agricultural fertilisersis still negligible. It can be seen from figure 6.5that there is a general tendency towards increasingthe introduction of fertilis ers into agriculturalproduction in various countries, especiallythe Northern African countries of Egypt andMorocco, the Southern African countries ofSouth Africa and Zimbabwe and, to a lesser extent,Ethiopia, Nigeria and Kenya. Dental andskeletal fluorosis, a condition related to saltwaterproblem, occurs in several areas, particularlyAfrica’s east coast. All hope is not lost as someefforts are under way in Africa to fight pollutionand monitor raw water sources; selected examplesare given in boxes 6.1-6.3.Protecting Ecosystems in AfricaBox 6.1Tracing Pollutant Sources in CameroonFeudjio (2002) and Tchinda (2002) carried out analyses on the wastewater management in the Dschang DistrictHospital and the University Teaching Hospital (UTH), Yaounde, respectively. At the District Hospital in Dschangit was found that a significant part of wastewater from laundry, and cleaning of wards is directed to drains and flowinto the environment. In Yaounde, it was noted that the treatment station for the hospital was broken down andabandoned for years. About 67 m 3 of wastewater is produced daily in the heart of the capital from this hospitaland discharged into the environment mainly without treatment. Physico-chemical and microbiological analysesof the water discharged into the environmental are shown in the table below. Compared to the recommendedlimit of pollutants, the effluents are hundreds to thousands of times beyond the level allowed.Physico-chemical AnalysesPollutantsDschang DistrictHospitalUniversity TeachingHospitalMINIMUM RecommendedLimitChemical Oxygen 1960 643.3 120.0Demand, (COD) mg/lBiological Oxygen 950 258.3 30.0Demand (BOD 5), mg/lSuspended Solids, mg/l 2760 136.4 30.0Phosphates, mg/l 122.5 17.6 50.0Nitrates, mg/l 10.0 1.5 0.5Microbiological AnalysesWHO Standard, No. of microorganismsMesophilic aerobic > 10 5 > 10 7 < 20 per mlGermsTotal Coliform > 10 4 > 10 6 < 10 per 100 mlFaecal coliform > 10 2 > 10 5Faecal Streptococci > 10 3 > 10 5 < 1 per 100 mlAnaerobic> 10 5 < 1 per 20mlSulphur reducersE coli > 3* 10 4per 100 ml0.0 per 100 mlSource: AWDR National Report135
African Water Development Report 2006AlgeriaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeC.African RepChadComorosCongoCongo, Dem RepCôte d'IvoireEgyptEritreaEthiopia {1}Fig. 6.5: Dynamics of Fertiliser Consumption in AfricaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLibyaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRéunionRwandaSenegalSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSudanSwazilandTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabwe2001 2000 19990 300600 900 1200 1500Source: FAO, 2004International Targets- Action programmes to protect surface and groundwater resources prepared and in the process of implementationby 2003, and defined standards achieved by 2010 – Rio.- National standards to ensure the health of freshwater ecosystems, established in all countries by 2005, andprogrammes to improve the health of freshwater ecosystems implemented by 2015.136
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Page 154 and 155: Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159: Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161: Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165: Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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Page 170 and 171: Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
Page 172: United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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