African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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creased by roughly the same number of inhabitants.This reduced the increase in coverage toonly a minimal 1 per cent (Figs. 5.22 and 5.23).From 1990 to 2002, the percentage of peopleserved with improved sanitation facilities in sub-Saharan Africa rose by 4 per cent as shown infigures 5.24 and 5.25. Some 85 million morepeople gained access to improved sanitation,most of them in urban areas. A high demographicincrease of over 181 million people offsetthe percentage increase in the number of peopleserved (WHO/UNICEF JMP 2004).According to MDG Task Force on Water andSanitation, 2005, in some African countriesprogress towards meeting the MDG access-towatergoal is poor, stalled or reversing. Thesecountries include Ethiopia, Mauritania, Madagascar,Guinea, and Togo. Countries with betterprospects for meeting the goal but where challengesare still formidable include Uganda, Malawi,Cameroon, the Niger, Nigeria, Namibia,Côte d’Ivoire, and South Africa Many of thevery poor African countries such as Sierra Leoneand Burkina Faso could also be included inthis list for which there were insufficient data. Interms of access to sanitation, the African countrieswhere progress in this area is poor, stalledor reversing include Ethiopia, the Niger, Benin,Central African Republic, Mauritania, Madagascar,Guinea, Togo, Nigeria, the Sudan and Mali.Countries with better chances of meeting thegoal but where the challenges are still substantialinclude Chad, Namibia, Côte d’Ivoire, Zimbabwe,Botswana, Malawi, Cameroon, South Africa,and Burundi (ibid).WATER FOR MEETING BASIC NEEDSTable 5.2: Access to improved drinkingwater sources in Africa, 2002Table 5.3: Access to improved sanitationin Africa, 2002Source: Adapted from WHO/UNICEF JMP 2004.During the same period, northern Africa alsosaw an 8 per cent increase in the number of peopleprovided with improved sanitation facilities.In this part of Africa, 31 million more peoplegained access to sanitation, one third of themin rural areas and the other two thirds in urbanareas (WHO/UNICEF JMP 2004). The disparitiesin water supply and sanitation betweenthe northern Africa subregion and sub-SaharanAfrica are shown in tables 5.2 and 5.3, respectively.Those for some other African countriesare shown in figure 5.26. Figure 5.27 gives theexample of Cameroon107
African Water Development Report 2006Figure 5.26: Water Supply and Sanitation Access Disparity in some African Countries% Coverage100806040200CameroonBeninAngolaAlgeriaCountryNigerMaliGhanaGambia, TheGabonEthiopiaSenegalNigeriaCongo, Dem. RepCountryWater Supply CoverageSanitation CoverageSource: Water Supply and Sanitation sector Assessment 2000, WHO African Region, Country Profiles, Africa 2000Figure 5.27: Urban-rural Disparity of the Proportion of the Population Not Servedwith Adequate Water Supply and Decent Sanitation in CameroonUnserved potable waterUnserved decent sanitation%70605040302010045.425.260.433.316.9National Rural Urban (Allareas)9.65.5 8.4Urban (Yde +Dla)Figure shows the approximate distribution of the population not served in four geographical areas of the countryas regards safe drinking water and decent sanitation services. About 45.4 % of the total population are notserved, corresponding to about 6.9 million persons in the year 2000.Source: AWDR National Report, 2003108
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 136 and 137: abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145: Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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Page 154 and 155: Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159: Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161: Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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