African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in South AfricaEnvironmentek is the water-related institute within the CSIR umbrella. It undertakes a wide range of water-relatedresearch being funded mainly from contract research but also from own resources and government and othergrants. Other water and environment related research is located in various academic institutions, like:(a) The Institute for Water Research at Rhodes University in the fields of water quality, hydrological modellingand reserve determination;(b) The African Water Issues Research Unit at the University of Pretoria in the field of policy;(c) The School of Bio-resources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology at the University of Natal in thefields of hydrological modelling and environment;(d) The Institute for Groundwater Studies at the University of the Free State in the field of groundwater;(e) The Freshwater Research Unit at University of Cape Town in the field of environmental flows;(f) The Centre for Waste and Wastewater Research at the Durban Institute of Technology in the field of wastemanagement;(g) The Water Systems Research Group at the University of the Witwatersrand; and(h) The National Institute for Water and Sanitation at the University of Limpopo in the fields of communitywater and sanitation issues.ENSURING THE KNOWLEDGE BASEBox 16.10: Bringing Research near the PeopleThe International Water Management Institute (IWMI)The IWMI is a non-profit scientific research organization which is engaged in knowledge base development throughapplied research and the subsequent transformation of the results into tools for the effective management of waterand land resources in agriculture and other uses in developing countries. IWMI’s research is coordinated throughregional offices located in Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, South Africa and Thailand. The Institute has resident offices inChina, Nepal, Ghana, Senegal, Kenya and Uzbekistan and operates in a non-resident mode in some 20 countries,across Asia and Africa. The research activities are centred around five thematic areas which address crucial issuesin the water sector of developing countries, namely:(a) Integrated Water Management for Agriculture(b) Sustainable Smallholder Land and Water Management Systems(c) Sustainable Groundwater Management(d) Water Resources Institutions and Policies(e) Water, Health and Environment.The professional team, comprising economists, agronomists, hydrologists, engineers, sociologists, managementspecialists and health researchers, guarantees a multidisciplinary approach to water management research.The specific objectives of IWMI are:(a) To identify the larger issues related to water management and food security that need to be understood andaddressed by governments and policymakers;(b) To develop, test and promote management practices and tools that can be used by governments and institutionsto manage water and land resources more effectively, and address water scarcity issues;(c) To clarify the link between poverty and access to water and to help governments and the research communitybetter understand the specific water-related problems of poor people;(d) To help developing countries build their research capacities to deal with water scarcity and related foodsecurity issues.319
African Water Development Report 2006Box 16.11: The German GLOWA Research Cooperation ProgrammeThe aim of GLOWA is to develop strategies for sustainable and future-oriented water management at the regionallevel, taking into account global environmental changes and socio-economic conditionsThe Research programmes focus on case studies on large river basins where simultaneous research is carried outin a collaborative framework on interrelationships between changes in the hydrological cycle and(b) the large-scale climate and precipitation variability;(c) changes in the biosphere (in particular caused by land use changes); as well as(d) the effects on water availability and related conflicts of use..The initiative was launched by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) of Germany which is also themain funding institution. A GLOWA project combines up to 15 natural and socio-economic disciplines and ensuresboth multi- and inter-disciplinary frameworks, necessary for the development of research scenarios and tools.The initial GLOWA programmes launched in 2000 include:(a) The GLOWA IMPETUS: An Integrated Approach to the Efficient Management of Scarce Water Resourcesin West Africa – case studies in the catchment areas of Rivers Dràa (Morocco) and Ouémé (Benin);(b) The GLOWA Volta: Sustainable management of Water Resources: intensive land use, precipitation variabilityand water need in the Volta basin – case study in Ghana and Burkina Faso.Capacity Building Content of GLOWA: The programmes are formulated within the concept of a learning processin which the vital elements of knowledge and information exchange and technology development and transferare given special emphasis. Specifically, students from both European countries and the project areas are offeredthe opportunity to carry out Masters and Doctoral studies using the methodological tools and techniques of theseprojects as part of their thesis. The partner institutions also benefit in the use of modern technological inputs of theprojects and are the final users of the decision support systems being developed.Diffusing the Knowledge BaseGenerally, hydrological and water resources softwarehave been developed in temperate climatesand more advanced socio-economic conditions.Their transfer to the tropical climatic areas, wheremost of the African countries are, necessitatesknowledge and skills for updating and adaptingthem to the physical and socio-economic conditionsof the receiving environments. To facilitatethis, much effort has been put into the creationof technology transfer systems by various organizationsand institutions in the form of poolsor toolkits. The concept of creating thematictoolboxes to facilitate water-related technologytransfer and knowledge dissemination to the developingcountries, especially Africa, is catchingon fast among many international and non-governmentalinstitutions.WMO Hydrological Operational MultipurposeSystemThe most notable and extensive of them is theHydrological Operational Multipurpose System(HOMS), established by the World MeteorologicalOrganization for the transfer of technologyin operational hydrology. This is a pool oftechnologies which have been made availablefor inclusion in the system by the HydrologicalServices of member countries of WMO basedon techniques which they themselves use in theirnormal operations. The technology availablethrough HOMS is provided as separate HOMScomponents which, for easy reference, are classifiedinto sections according to their subjectmatter. Almost all African countries have establishednational reference centres in a relevantinstitution.320
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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Page 282: Water Resources Management In Afric
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Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
Page 316 and 317: cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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Page 320 and 321: Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 338 and 339: particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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Page 346 and 347: 5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
Page 348: GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
Page 368 and 369: IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371: Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373: a regional framework for Africa as
Page 374: Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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