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Table 8.14 Actual and Projected Irrigation Surface Areas in Burundi (hectares)Type of irrigation North Central KabeziRumonge,South ImboSouth MossoareaImbo Imbo PlainLake NyanzaActual Irrigation Area968 5.975 0 0 0 920(1990 -1994)Actual Irrigation Area5.995 900 0 0 0 920in 2000Projected Irrigation5.995 14.285 0 0 0 920Area in 2010Irrigable Area 0 0 800 1.000 3.080 920Source: AWDR National Report.WATER FOR FOOD SECURITYEstimates for the Democratic Republic of theCongo, for instance, vary from 1 to 40 millionhectares and the irrigation potential of theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, estimated ataround 40,000 hectares in the literature, is probablyonly a small portion of the physical potentialof the country. Bearing these uncertaintiesin mind, it can be noticed that about 60 per centof the irrigation potential is concentrated withinseven African countries (Angola, Sudan, Egypt,the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia,Mozambique and Nigeria), while at the otherend of the list, 18 countries share only 5 percent of this potential (FAO, 1995).area). Among the other classes of water management,cultivated wetlands, valley bottoms andrecession cropping are a majority (15 per cent ofthe total). Apart from full and partial control irrigation,which is present in almost all countries,the other categories are usually concentrated in afew countries. Recession cropping is mainly usedon the rims of Rivers Niger and Senegal and oftheir tributaries, or along the Logone, Chari, theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Molopoand Okavango. The fadamas of north-westernNigeria, classified here as recession cropping dueto lack of detailed information on their degreeTable 8.15: Estimated Net and Gross Irrigation Water Requirement in CameroonIrrigationTypeArea,haIrrigationrequirementper year, mNetconsumption,km 3ApplicationefficiencyGrossconsumption,km 3Large-scale sprinkler forbananas6,790 0.45 0.03 0.50 0.06Large-scaleirrigated paddy rice15,000 1.00 0.15 0.30 0.50Small-scale systems ofvarious types used for different18,000 0.50 0.09 0.50 0.18cropsTotal consumption, km 3 0.27 0.74Source: AWDR National Report.Water Management Methods ofIrrigationAmong the five classes of water managementpresented in Table 8.16, full or partial controlirrigation is the most widespread (81% of theof development, represent 70 per cent of thatcategory. Spate irrigation is concentrated in theMaghreb and the Horn of Africa. When analysingirrigation techniques used in the full andpartial control schemes, it appears that surfaceirrigation is by far the most widely used technique(more than 80 per cent of the total). How-207
African Water Development Report 2006ever, more than one million hectares of irrigationby aspersion have been reported, most of it beingconcentrated in the North (table 8.17 - Libya,Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia), Zimbabwe, South Africaand, to a lesser degree, in Kenya and Zambia.In relative terms, aspersion represents the mostTable 8.16: Subregional Distribution of Water Management Methods in AfricaSubregionFull orpartialcontrolTotal irrigationNorthern5 610(95%)Sudano- 2 263Sahelian (79%)Gulf of 307Guinea (22%)Central119(25%)Eastern428(65%)Islands 1 105(I.O.) (100%)Southern1 645(90%)Total11 477(81%)Source: FAO, 1995Spate irrigationIrrigationEquippedwetlands/valley bottomsOthercultivatedwetlands/valley bottomsFloodrecessioncropping‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha305(5%)212(7%)-(-)-(-)-(-)-(-)-(-)517(4%)-(-)9(-)163(11%)2(-)6(1%)-(-)-(-)180(1%)5 915(100%)2 484(86%)470(33%)121(25%)434(66%)1 105(100%)1 645(90%)12 174(86%)widely used technique in Botswana, Zimbabweand South Africa, which benefit from a relativelylong tradition in this field. Finally, the most importantareas under micro-irrigation are concentratedin Egypt and South Africa (FAO, 1995).-(-)97(4%)193(14%)352(74%)222(34%)-(-)182(10%)1 046(7%)-(-)296(10%)730(53%)3(1%)-(-)-(-)9(-)1 038(7%)5 915(100%)2 877(100%)1 393(100%)476(100%)656(100%)1 105(100%)1 836(100%)14 258(100%)Totalas% oftotalas % ofcultivatedland41.5 24.820.2 12.19.8 4.03.3 3.94.6 2.97.7 40.312.9 8.1100.0 9.9Table 8.17: Indicators of irrigated agriculture in the Northern Africa SubregionMauritania Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Egypt SudanIrrigated area (100ha) 40 1100 450 400 350 5800 1880Ha per 1000inhab 15 36 14 40 62 85 56Source: Draft Synthesis of AWDR National Reports of Northern Sub Region.Irrigated Crops and Rate of Use ofEquipped AreasThe information on agricultural equipped areagiven in figure 8.8 refers to physical areas, whichis not the case for irrigated crops, which are measuredin terms of harvested areas. The same plotcan thus be counted several times if it is used forseveral crops in a year. The figures on crops inwater managed areas are very incomplete and donot allow the establishment of statistical tablesby country showing the distribution of the majorcrops under water management in Africa.208
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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