African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Carbon Emissions by Fuel Type in AfricaHARNESSING ENERGY FOR DEVELOPMENTSource: Energy Information Administration, US Department of EnergyAfrican carbon emissions from fossil fuel consumption(excluding natural gas flaring) aregrowing rapidly, although from a very smallbase. Carbon emissions in Africa roughly tripled,from 72 million metric tons (Mmt) in 1970 to202 Mmt in 1997, and are projected to reach325 Mmt by 2020. Africa’s share of world carbonemissions has increased slightly from 2 percent in 1970 to around 3 per cent in 1997, andis expected to remain almost constant through2020. Africa as a whole emitted about the sameamount of carbon in 1997 as Germany or India.Africa has the lowest level of carbon emissionsfrom fossil fuel consumption of any continent inthe world. From 1970 to 1997, carbon emissionsincreased for all fuels in Africa. Carbon emissionsfrom natural gas increased 50-fold, whileemissions from oil consumption tripled andfrom coal doubled (Energy in Africa, 1999).Oil is responsible for about 44 per cent of carbonemissions in Africa, followed by coal (42per cent) and natural gas (14 per cent). Carbonemissions by all three fossil fuel types (oil, gas,and coal) in Africa grew during 1970 - 1997,and are projected to continue to grow through2020. Oil’s share of total carbon emissions is ex-pected to increase from 44 per cent in 1997 to 52per cent in 2020. The share of carbon emissionsfrom consumption of natural gas is expected toincrease slightly, from 14 per cent in 1997 to 16per cent in 2020. Coal’s share of African carbonemissions is expected to fall from 42 per cent in1997 to 33 per cent in 2020 (Energy in Africa,1999).Developing Energy for Regional IntegrationThere are good signs of cooperation and interdependencein Africa’s energy sector in the formof power pools, electricity interconnections, gasand oil pipelines, technology transfer, human resourcedevelopment, research and development,indicating that regional cooperation is a practicalreality. The Regional Economic Communities(RECs) can also learn much from one anotherregarding best practices such as preventing theunder-utilization of physical assets e.g. improvingplant availability/reliability and reducing thereal costs of electricity, which are focal areas ofthe New Partnership for Africa’s Development(NEPAD).223
African Water Development Report 2006Box 9.1: Choose between new energy source or desertification -callGuardian Monday, September 02, 2002By Deodatus Mfugale, JohannesburgThe Tanzanian delegation at the Global People’s Forum called on developing countries to focus on alternativesources of energy that would be cheap, affordable for the rural population and could conserve the environment.Contributing to a discussion on alternative energy sources for sustainable environment, Simon Mmakasa of theSame and Mwanga Environmental Conservation Trust Fund explained that developing countries must now comeup with new energy sources or rural areas where many such zones have developed desert-like conditions due toexcessive use of forest products.“ An alternative source of energy will be a relief to women and children who spend many hours everyday in searchof fuelwood,” he said.“We cannot talk about sustainable development if there is no sustainable environment, and this can only be attainedif there is a sustainable energy system in place,” he said.He added that such alternatives must also aim at reducing environmental pollution, particularly, non-toxicMmakasa advocated for the use of the Non-Petroleum Green Heat cookers that are fuelled by gelfuel, which isderived from plants. The technology is already in use in some African countries, including Malawi.Talking about Tanzania, Mmakasa said the technology could easily be adopted because the cookers can be fabricatedby any artisan in rural areas where welding facilities are available.“On the other hand, the gelfuel is an ethanol mixture that can be made from a wide range of completely renewableagricultural products like sugarcane, bananas and other similar products,” he said.Highlighting the social aspects of the gelfuel technology, he said that the introduction of the system would boostagricultural activities through the establishment of energy farms for sugarcane, bananas and sweet potatoes.These would not only create employment for youths but also in the long run alleviate hunger through large-scalefarming of bananas and sweet potatoes.A delegate from Malawi, Richard Franz, explained that there had been a good response from the rural populationin his country.“Once this energy is adopted, the cost of using kerosene, fuelwood and charcoal will be greatly reduced. Ourtarget is to spread the use of this system to as many parts of the country as possible so as to reduce deforestation,”he said, ‘It is also advantageous to low income earners as it is cheaper than kerosene.”Franz works with the GELFUEL Company in Malawi, which is responsible for supplying the technology to ruralareas. He explained that so far, Uganda and Kenya have shown interest in the project and pilot projects would startin the two countries early next year. Tanzania is yet to show interest in the new energy system.Progress made by the different RECs towardsregional integration in the energy sector couldbe assessed based on the following objectives(ECA-ARIA, 2003):(a) Formulation of regional energy policies/programmes, including preparation of a regionalenergy/power development masterplan;(b) Joint development of hydropower resourcesand national hydropower projects with regionaldimensions;(c) Energy pooling through interconnection ofelectricity grids;224
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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