African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microbiological Quality of some WaterSources in CameroonLocalityOrigin ofWaterNature of PollutionMesophilic No. of totalaerobic floragerms (x1000)Total Coliform E. coli FaecalStreptococci>100 to 20 to >> 1000 1000>100 >100 to> 1000AnaerobicSulphur reducersAbong-Mbang Urban Wells - >10 to> 20>100 0 to 10 000Urban Springs - 0 to> 100 0> 30River Nyong - 3 >100 0 20 10 000Batchingou, Nde Stream > 750 - > 100 0 > 25 0Division, WestProvince> 150 - > 100 0 > 10 > 1000Tombel, SouthWest ProvinceVillage standpipeCatchment, > 10 000 - 0 0 0 0KupeDrinking points > 10 000 - > 100 0 to 100 > 100 0Protecting Ecosystems in AfricaBanfeko, WestprovinceVillage Spring 50 - > 100 0 0 0Surface water > 100 000 - > 5 000 > 100 > 100 > 200WHO Standard,# of micro-organisms< 20 per ml < 20 per100 ml< 10 per 100ml0.0 per100 ml< 1 per100 ml< 1 per 20mlSource: Compiled from Nang-Nang (2002), Mbida-Mbida (2003), Halleson (2003), and Ngamo (2003)able 6.5: Quality of Surface and Ground Bodies in the CongoTowns Resources caught Water qualitySurface water Ground water pH Conductivity,ms.cm,BrazzavillePointe - NoireDolisieNkayiMossendjoOuessoXXXXxSource: AWDR NMational Report, 2003; SNDE and UREAX57.27.577.27.517.4335>100>1006068.2Dry residue,mg/l40>40>50Industrial waste are still discharged untreatedinto rivers and lakes in most African countries,causing a major and persistent health problems.Even though this phenomenon is still low inquantitative terms, the spread of the practice iswidening at an alarmingly rate, and fig. 6.4 belowimplicates some of the countries affected.133
African Water Development Report 2006Fig. 6.4: Industrial Organic Pollutants per available Freshwater in African countrieswith major Industrial EffluentsTunisiaAlgeriaMoroccoSouth AfricaEgyptKenyaSenegalZimbabweBotswanaEthiopiaCote d'IvoireCameroonSource: Africa Facts: http://www.nationmaster.com0 2 4 6 8 10 12Metric Tons of BO D Emissions per Cub. Km.The North African countries and South Africaare shown to have the highest industrial organicpollutants per available freshwater resources. Forexample, out of the total wastewater generated inEgypt (3.5 BCM/year) only approximately 1.6BCM/year receives treatment (National AWDRReport, 2005). Environmental health and thehealth of urban settlements are seriously jeopardizedby the lack of adequate solid waste disposaland sewerage systems. The result of an analysiscarried out in Cameroon on the quality of effluentsfrom a textile factory is shown in table 6.6.Table 6.6: Physical and chemical analysis of effluent from a textile plant in the coastalregion of Cameroon as compared to expected normsParameterValues for effluentMinimum RecommendedLimitPercentage deviationfrom max limitTemperature ( o C) 30 30 -PH 12.2 5.5 – 8.5 43.5Suspended Solids (mg/l) 34 30.0 13.3COD (mg/l) 3400 120.0 2,733BOD 5(mg/l) 180 30.0 500Total Hydrocarbons (mg/l) 10.2 5.0 104Iron (mg/l) 6.7 5.0 34Chromium (mg/l) 8.6 0.5 1,620Zinc (mg/l) 0.2 0.1 100Lead (mg/l) 0.3 0.1 200Manganese (mg/l) 0.048 0.1 -Nitrate (mg/l) - 0.5 -Phosphates (mg/l) 8.1 50 -Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 6.9 - -Source: AWDR National Report, 2003; Fonteh, (2002)134
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 144 and 145: Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
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Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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