African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Figure 8.8: Agricultural Equipped Areas in African CountriesAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotsw anaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeChadCongoCongo, Dem RepCôte d'IvoireDjiboutiEgyptEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaLibyMadagascarMalaw iMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRéunionRw andaSao Tome &SenegalSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSudanSw azilandTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabw e0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40002002 2001 2000Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the Source: United Nations (FAO), 2004.WATER FOR FOOD SECURITYHowever, by using all the information available, informationcan be obtained on about 10.5 millionhectares of crops. This figure corresponds to 75 percent of the physical area with water control and itcan thus be considered as representative of the situationof crops in water-managed lands on the continentand in the major regions. Results are summarizedin Table 8.14, in which the different cropshave been grouped in six major categories (FAO,1995).The most widespread crop is rice, which alonerepresents more than one third of the water man-aged crop area. However, large discrepancies canbe seen between the regions (Table 8.18). Cultivatedmostly in wetlands and valley bottoms,rice is the predominant crop in the humid zonesof the Gulf of Guinea and East Africa. It is alsovery developed on the plateaus of Madagascar. Inthe northern and southern regions, it representsonly a small portion of the total crops under watermanagement. Among the other cereals, wheatand maize are cultivated and irrigated mostly inthe countries of the North (Egypt and Morocco)and in South Africa, Sudan and Somalia. Sorghumis cultivated in the Sudano-Sahelian region,mostly as recession cropping (FAO, 1995).209
African Water Development Report 2006SubregionNorthernTable 8.18: Subregional Distribution of Main Irrigated Crops in Africa (partial information)Sudano-SahelianGulf ofGuineaCentralEasternIslands(I.O.)SouthernTotalSource: FAO, 1995.Rice Other cereals Vegetables Fodder Industrial crops Arboriculture Total‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha ‘000 ha538 2221 423 1207 80459 4928(11%) (45%) (9%) (24%) (2%)(9%) (100%)384 839 61 4 4711 1760(22%) (48%) (3%) (-) (27%)(-) (100%)993 52 168 -216 1240(80%) (4%) (14%) (-) (2%)(-) (100%)21 -4 -424 71(29%) (-) (6%) (-) (59%) (6%) (100%)173 80 158 -338 452(38%) (18%) (35%) (-) (7)(2%) (100%)880 -- -31- 911(97%) (-)(-) (-) (3)(-) (100%)147 358 42 353 19832 1130(13%) (32%) (4%) (31%) (17%) (3%) (100%)3136 3550 856 1564 876510 10 492(30%) (34%) (8%) (15%) (8%)(5%) (100%)Vegetables (in the table, root and tuber cropshave been included in this category) are presentin all regions and almost every single country. Onthe whole, they represent about 8 per cent of thecultivated areas under water management in Africa.In Algeria, Mauritania, Kenya, Burundi andRwanda, they are in fact the most widespreadcrops under water management. Arboriculture,which represents 5 per cent of the total, is concentratedalmost uniquely in the northern regionand is mostly composed of citrus. Industrialcrops are located mostly in the Sudan and in thecountries of the Southern region (mostly cottonand oilseed crops). In this category, also featuressugarcane, coffee, cocoa, oil and date palm, banana,tobacco and cut flowers. Apart from sugarcane,present in all regions except the northern,the other crops are generally concentrated in alimited number of countries. Finally, the categorygrouping fodder crops and irrigated pastures,although it concerns only a very limited numberof countries (concentrated in the northern andthe southern regions), represents an importantpart of the crops under water management (15per cent). Berseem, cultivated almost exclusivelyin Egypt, represents the most widespread irrigatedcrop in that country (1 million hectares).Other fodder crops or irrigated pasture are foundprincipally in Morocco (table 8.19) and SouthAfrica, with the latter having most of the irrigatedland (220,000 hectares). One of the mostfrequently used indicators to assess the rate ofintensification of irrigated land is the croppingintensity, or the ratio between irrigated crops(including double and triple cropping) and areasequipped for irrigation. An example of the relationshipbetween equipped non-irrigated andeffectively irrigated areas in Morocco is shown infigure 8.9. The survey showed, however, that thisfigure was hardly available or not reliable enoughat the country level. Another possible indicatoris the rate of use of land equipped for irrigation,which is the part of the equipped areas actuallyused for production at least once in the year.210
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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