African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1000 people within a CountryNo. of Radios per 1000 Pers.7006005004003002001000GhanaSeychellesSaint HelenaSouth AfricaEquatorial GuineaEgyptLibyaMalawiLiberiaTanzaniaEthiopiaS. Tome & PrincipeAlgeriaWestern SaharaMoroccoTunisiaSudanUgandaCongo, Dem. RepChadMadagascarNigeriaTogoGabonBotswanaSwazilandComorosMauritaniaCameroonSierra LeoneGambiaCote d'IvoireNamibiaZambiaSenegalCongo, Rep.DjiboutiZimbabweBeninRwandaKenyaCentral African RepEritreaAngolaBurundiNigerSomaliaMaliGuineaMozambiqueGuinea-BissauBurkina FasoENSURING THE KNOWLEDGE BASEData Source: CIA World Factbook 2002as the promotion of public awareness throughthe publication and diffusion of documentariesand the organization of conferences, roundtables, seminars and expositions related tothe conservation and development of waterresources.There is actually a need to institute regularawareness programmes in African countries toexplain pertinent contemporary issues on waterwith special emphasis on the water supply-sanitation-diseasecycle. Effectiveness of awarenessprogrammes would depend largely on telecommunicationnetworks available and their arealcoverage such as radios, telephones, televisionsFigure 16.7: Per Capita Number of Television Sets by Country300No. of Television Sets25020015010050Saint HelenaSouth AfricaSeychellesLibyaS. Tome & PrincipeCongo, Dem. Rep0EgyptMoroccoAlgeriaGhanaTunisiaSudanDjiboutiCote d'IvoireNigeriaGabonMauritaniaData Source: CIA World Factbook 2002SenegalNamibiaZimbabweZambiaCameroonKenyaWestern SaharaLiberiaMayotteSwazilandUgandaBotswanaAngolaSomaliaTogoNigerCongo, Rep.GuineaBurkina FasoEthiopiaMadagascarBurundiMozambiqueGambiaTanzaniaComorosChadEritreaBeninSierra LeoneEquatorial GuineaCentral African Rep Mali327
African Water Development Report 2006and of course the modern internet systems.Another occasion that was expected to have reverberationsin African countries is the InternationalYear of Freshwater – 2003, which wasproclaimed by the United Nations General Assemblyby a resolution, adopted on 20 December2000. It encourages Governments, the UnitedNations system and all other actors to take advantageof the Year to increase awareness of theimportance of sustainable freshwater use, managementand protection. It also calls upon Governments,national and international organizations,non-governmental organizations and theprivate sector to make voluntary contributionsand to lend other forms of support to the Year.Factors Affecting Information Transferto African CountriesThere are many factors which hinder free flowof information to water professionals in Africancountries. With the top-down mechanism for informationdissemination, even when such informationarrive they hardly reach the professionalswho actually need them for their professionalpractice. The difference between the technologyneeds in developed and less developed countriesdue to unequal levels of socio-economic developmentalso has influence on the relative relevanceof materials published in international journals.It is generally felt that experts from Africa haveto struggle hard at the international competitivepublication avenues to have their research resultspublished even though reference publications areneeded to support their occupational advancement.The poor level of remuneration and salariesof professionals in most African countriesalso does not allow them to seek individual avenuesfor information such as subscription to internationaljournals and payment of membershipfees of their respective professional associations.Moreover, lack of foreign exchange in most ofthese countries hinders water professionals’ accessto international services and events suchas technical information, conveyed throughjournals, textbooks, current awareness services,computer data bases of bibliographic informationand attendance at professional and scientificmeetings. Generally, lack of foreign exchange inthese countries hinders:(a) Access to technical information, conveyedthrough journals, textbooks, current awarenessservices, computer databases of bibliographicinformation and attendance at professionaland scientific meetings and so on;(b) Payment of affiliation fees to various internationalprofessional institutions;(c) Payment of high costs involved in the acquisitionof new instruments and data processingequipment, repair of existing instrumentsand maintenance of data archivesand information systems.The above-cited difficulties kills motivation andmorale which are necessary for professional innovation.Motivation and recognition are twocardinal elements that can stimulate high- levelresearch results. In the absence of a socio-economicenabling environment as is the case inmost African countries, a scientific or professionalrecognition at national or regional level fora significant and important contribution to thewater and environmental sciences and practiceswould go a long way to give some satisfactionto water-related professionals. It is also time topromote subregional or continent-wide journalsin Africa in order to promote an active exchangeof information on water resources developmentand management practices among practitionersin different subregions, thus allowing for informationflow among practitioners in different hydro-climaticenvironments, on the one hand, andalso policy makers and the public at large, on theother. Specific aims of such journals include:(a) To provide a forum for the discussion oftechnologies relevant to IWRM practices indeveloping countries, including their identification,development and applications indifferent physical and climatic zones;(b) To publish good quality papers that are of328
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
Page 310 and 311: polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
Page 316 and 317: cipitation monitoring; determinatio
Page 318 and 319: processes and situations or to an o
Page 320 and 321: Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
Page 322 and 323: The requisite enabling environment
Page 324 and 325: African countries can obviously not
Page 326 and 327: the science and technology of the s
Page 328 and 329: Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 338 and 339: particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
Page 344 and 345: IWRM Course Participants according
Page 346 and 347: 5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
Page 348: GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
Page 368 and 369: IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371: Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373: a regional framework for Africa as
Page 374: Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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