African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Box 7.3 Domestic Water Purification for Small Settlements in ZambiaA field trial of a new household water treatment and storage intervention was implemented in Kitwe, Zambia, betweenMarch and June 1998. The intervention included three elements: water treatment at the point of use withsodium hypochlorite solution produced locally; safe water storage in 20 litre durable plastic containers referred toas special vessels with a lid and spigot; and community education. This intervention had been successfully implementedin Latin America and this project represents its first field trial in Zambia and indeed in Africa.Two peri urban communities in Kitwe were selected for evaluation: Ipusukilo, for the intervention group and Luangwa,for the control group. Baseline surveys of demographic and socio-economic conditions in two communities.Water quality testing was performed in a sub-sample of the intervention and control groups. Active diarrhoeasurveillance, consisting of weekly household visits to inquire about illness in the prior 7 days, was conducted from16 March to 12 April 1998. The intervention was implemented in the week of 13 April. Special vessels wereoffered for sale at a discount to intervention families, who also received free bottles of sodium hypochlorite duringthe study. A follow up survey and a second round of water quality testing were performed at the end of theevaluation period. A field trial of a behaviour change intervention, involving a new technique called motivationalinterviewing, was also conducted during the study.WATER AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTSA total of 260 families with 1584 individuals, for a mean of 6.1 persons per family, participated in the study. Therewere 166 intervention and 94 control families, with similar family sizes, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.All households used shallow wells as their source of drinking water. Water testing revealed that over 90%of the wells were contaminated with E. coli, a marker for faecal contamination. Stored drinking water samples hadhigher rates of faecal contamination than well water samples. There was no difference in source and stored waterquality between intervention and control group.During the intervention phase of the study, 67 (40.3%) of 166 families bought special vessels. Compliance withsodium hypochlorite use in drinking water measured as detectable chlorine in drinking water ranged from 72to 90% during the course of the study. During the follow-up of water quality testing, stored water quality wassignificantly better in the intervention than in the control group, with 69% of intervention families having waterfree of E.coli contamination (p
African Water Development Report 2006Box 7.4: Best Practices identified by the Cities Alliance Secretariat relevant to AfricaThe 60 th session of the General Assembly will hear from member states what actions they have taken to addressthe world’s most pressing development problems. In the wake of the summit of the Group of Eight industrializednations, poverty, especially in Africa, will likely be brought into sharp focus. Of particular interest to members ofthe World Bank’s Cities Alliance, will be the reports of national governments responding to Target 11, which calledupon governments by 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.Where city and national governments have increased their attention on the plight of slum dwellers, they havefound that they have also had a significant impact across a range of Millennium goals – including those dealing withpoverty, health, and the environment – because the world’s slums are the locus of every deprivation and ailmentassociated with extreme poverty. As the Cities Alliance reported in its’ 2003 Annual report, a number of memberstates have responded decisively to the Millennium Declaration, and implemented nationwide programmes toimprove the conditions of slum dwellers and, in so doing, simultaneously increase the economic efficiency of theirtowns and cities. Mauritania, one of the poorest countries in the world, is demonstrating how a combination of politicalwill, long-term policy and budgetary planning underwritten by good technical assistance can regularize andimprove living conditions in slums, as well as provide options to avoid the growth of new slums in a rapidlyurbanizing country. Morocco has established one of the most comprehensive approaches to slum upgrading anywhere inthe world through its comprehensive and ambitious villes sans bidonvilles programme. Led by the King, theGovernment has set long-term national targets, provided significant budgetary allocations, engaged with thelocal governments, and obtained the support of a number of multilateral and bilateral development agencies.There are a number of other countries that have taken decisive steps to make progress in upgrading allslums. In South Africa the national government and major cities such as eThekwini (Durban), Ekuhurleni and Tshwane(Pretoria) have developed citywide plans for upgrading and city development, whereas Johannesburghas twice approached the local capital markets to fund its revitalization. Of all countries in the developing world, Tunisia has arguably come closest to achieving the vision of citieswithout slums, through a national upgrading programme that predates the Millennium Declaration and hasspanned the last two decades.Since the publication of the Cities Alliance 2003 review, a number of cities have moved to the forefront withthe introduction of comprehensive upgrading and city development strategies. Mbabane, capital of landlocked Swaziland, has recently introduced a programme to upgrade all slumswithin the city, aiming to become a city without slums by 2015. This challenge has also been taken up by Dares Salaam, which was amongst the first African cities to set itself the goal of upgrading all of its slums, also by2015. Dakar has designed a comprehensive city development strategy, while the Government of Senegal isalso moving towards finalizing its own plans for a national villes sans bidonvilles (cities without slums) programme.Extracted from: Best Practices identified by the Cities Alliance Secretariat (Mark Hildebrand, Manager of the Cities Alliance Secretariat. WilliamCobbett manages the slum upgrading portfolio of the Cities Alliance.)Source: Habitat Debate, UN-HABITAT, September 2005, Vol.11, No.3180
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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