African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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provision for hand-washing and safe removaland disposal of toilet waste, a very large proportionof the urban population of sub-Saharan Africais likely to have inadequate provision (Waterand Sanitation in the World’s Cities, 2003).Agenda 21(a) By the year 2000, to have ensured that all urbanresidents have access to at least 40 litres per capitaper day of safe water and that 75 per cent of theurban population are provided with on-site or communityfacilities for sanitation;(b) By the year 2000, to have established and appliedquantitative and qualitative discharge standardsfor municipal and industrial effluents; and© By the year 2000, to have ensured that 75 percent of solid waste generated in urban areas are collectedand recycled or disposed of in an environmentallysafe way.Water and CitiesRapid urbanization changes the size, growth,and progression of urban human settlementson the urban hierarchy. Most urban inhabitantsin Africa live in small settlements of less than amillion persons. With an annual average growthrate of 3.7 per cent, the inhabitants of small urbansettlements in Africa grew from 67.1 millionpersons in 1970 to 242 million in 2005. They willreach 318.4 million by 2015 (Table 7.3). However,their percentage share of the total urbanpopulation in the continent declined from 81per cent in 1970 to 68.6 per cent in 2005 and willfurther decline to about 65 per cent by 2015. Thisdeclining share is partly due to the progressionof small urban settlements to urban agglomerations.About 27 of the small urban settlementsin Africa in 1970 progressed very rapidly to thelevel of agglomerations of 1 million - 5 millioninhabitants) by 2000 (Hassan Y., 2005).Rapid urbanization in Africa is increasing thenumber of urban agglomerations with 1 million- 5 million inhabitants, and mega-cities withmore than 5 million inhabitants. With an averageannual growth rate of 6.1 per cent during1970-2005, the inhabitants of urban agglomerationsreached about 83 million in 2005 and areexpected to reach 126.2 million by 2015. Theirdistribution by subregion changed significantlyduring 1970-2005, and will further change to apoint where about 53.2 per cent of the inhabitantsof urban agglomerations in the continentwill be residing in East Africa and West Africaby about the year 2015.The inhabitants of mega-cities are also increasingas a result of urban growth and the progressionof agglomerations. Africa had only onemega-city (Cairo) in 1970. This increased to two(Cairo and Lagos) in 2000 (Box 7.1) and to 3cities (Cairo, Lagos and Kinshasa) in 2005. By2015 there will be 4 mega-cities in Africa (Cairo,Lagos, Kinshasa and Khartoum). The mega-citiesare located in three regions (North, West, andCentral Africa). Their inhabitants increased fiveWATER AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTSTable 7.3: Inhabitants by classes of settlements in Africa 1970-2015Size and class of settlementNumber of inhabitants in millionsSmall urban settlementsUrban agglomerationsMega-citiesTotal Urban inhabitants1970 2000 2005 201567.181%10.112.2%5.66.8%82.8100%206.669.9%69.723.6%19.16.5%295.4100%Source:Hassan Y., 2005 (World Urbanization Prospects The 2003 Revision (UN 2004)24268.6%82.923.5%27.97.9%352.9100%318.465%126.225.8%44.59.1%489.1100%169
African Water Development Report 2006LagosAccording to the World Urbanization Prospects: The2003 Revision (UN 2004), the city of Lagos, Nigeria,was a small urban center with about 290000 inhabitantsin year 1950. It became a large urban agglomerationwith about 1.4 million inhabitants in 1970, 2.6million in 1980, 4.8 million in 1990 and 6.4 million in1995. By the turn of the century the inhabitants ofLagos city reached 8.7 million. They reached 11.2million in 2005, and will reach 17 million in year2015. By then, Lagos will outnumber Cairo by about4 million inhabitants. Worldwide, Lagos will becomethe ninth largest city in 2015, up from the 24 th rankin year 2000.times form 5.6 million in 1970 to 27.9 million in2005, reflecting an average annual growth rate of4.6 percent during these years. By 2015 they willreach 44.5 million inhabitants.cities are considerable and include:(a) 6195 recorded cases of cholera in 1993,most of which were located in zones downstreamof the wastewater discharges of theurban centres;(b) 4243 recorded cases of paludism in 1990,close to areas with a spread of waste water;(c) Evidence of several sections of rivers showvery small quantities of dissolved oxygencausing massive fish mortalities and decimatingthe flora;(d) Stopping for several days of water treatmentplants and stations fed by water pumpedfrom rivers, owing to very strong pollution,beyond the industries’ capacity to treat;(e) Eutrophication in dam reservoirs caused bylarge quantities of nitrogen and phosphoruscontained in the domestic waste effluentsThe urban population in Morocco, for example,passed from 13 to 17 million inhabitants from1992 to 2004 (the last figure still to be confirmedby the census in progress), with a rate of urbanizationthat increased from 50 to 57 per cent duringthe given dates. It is a rapid evolution that posesthe usual problems posed by rapidly changingcities, namely the difficulty of accompaniment byadequate basic infrastructure due to the heavy financialinvestments involved. The state of urbanwater supply is indicated in table 7.4.The consequences of domestic and industrialpollution of water bodies around MoroccanWith regard to safety of the services, efforts weremade to diversify and improve supply and managementof available water, making it possible tomaintain steady supply to most of the city, evenfor 3-4 years of continuous scanty rainfall. Generally,microbiological pollution result from insufficientand/or lack of sanitation facilities forexcreta disposal, especially in peri urban humansettlements while chemical pollution comes fromuntreated industrial wastewater effluents channelledinto water bodies. An example is shown intable 7.5 for Sudanese cities.Table 7.4: Indicators of urban drinking water in MoroccoYears 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Waterproduction 804 766 778 742 764 780 800 812 830 845 840(Mm3)Subscribers1546 1618 1727 1823 1932 2036 2140 2227 2428 2531 2769x 1000Rate of connections78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88(%)Source: AWDR National Report, 2005 (DRPE)170
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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