African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by Subregion in AfricaTanzaniaMadagascarKenyaComorosUgandaDjiboutiEritreaEthiopiaWater Povery Index - Eastern Sub Region0 10 20 30 40 50BeninBurkinaCape VerdeCote d'IvoireGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-MaliNigerNigeriaSenegalSierra LeoneTogoWater Poverty Index - Western Sub Region0 10 20 30 40 50 60FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICAWater Poverty Index - Northern Sub RegionWater Poverty Index - Southern Sub RegionEgyptTunisiaMauritaniaAlgeriaSudanMorocco0 10 20 30 40 50 60NamibiaMauritiusBotswanaZimbabweSwazilandSouth AfricaZambiaMozambiqueAngolaMalawi0 10 20 30 40 50 60Water Poverty Index - Central Sub RegionEq. GuineaGabonCongo RepCameroonCongo, Dem RepC. African RepBurundiRwandaChad0 20 40 60 80Source: World Resources Institute Website Natural Environment Research Council, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. 2002, Wallingford.75
African Water Development Report 2006What impact are we having on ourfreshwater resources?In addition to overuse, pollution of available waterresources can add to the burden and costs ofsupplying water to urban areas. Human impactson freshwater resources in Africa are mainly derivedfrom the following:(a) Population growth incompatible with economicgrowth;(b) Fast growing urban cities;(c) Human and animal faecal disposal onto theenvironment;(d) Waste water and storm water run-off disposal;and(e) Urban waste refuse disposal.(f) Fertiliser use in agriculture (R. Meissner,2002)Even though the African continent is the leastpopulated in the world, there has been a greatdeal of dicussion on the so-called “African populationexplosion”, in the past three decades. Itall depends on how this pernicious argument istackled, either from the neo-Malthusian point ofview or from the newly emerging social view. Theneo-Malthusian argument concerning demographywas challenged for the first time in an officialsetting at the 1974 Bucharest World Conferenceon Population under the auspices of the UnitedNations Population Fund (UNFPA), accordingto which the population explosion has led to anunhealthy environment across the entire globe.On the other hand, the central argument of thesocial view is that rapid population growth is asymptom of social and economic predicamentsand not the cause thereof. In other words, peopleare not necessarily poor because they have manychildren and a large family to support, but theyhave many children because they are poor (R.Meissner, 2002). Traditionally, children are asource of social security, therefore leading to highfertility rates and to also compensate for highchild mortality rates. Moreover, African childrenare seen as a useful source of domestic labour,helping with household responsibilities, such asfetching water and gathering wood for fuel. It isthe greater access to social security services, suchas water supply, health care and education thatallow people, especially women, to have fewerchildren and not the material poverty per se. It istherefore hoped that the observed reducing trendof population growth in Africa will be sustainedin the long-term (Figs. 4.18 and 4.19).Figure 4.18: Projected Annual Population Growth Rate by Subregion in Africa (2003-2050)3.0Annual Pop. Growth Rate2.52.01.51.00.50.0Eastern Africa Middle Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western AfricaSub RegionSource: World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision. New York: UN Secretariat, 200376
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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Page 33 and 34: African Water Development Report 20
Page 36: INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 44 and 45: INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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