African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (DesertificationEnviro Facts, 2005).Box 6.5Groundwater Over abstraction and Seawater Intrusion in LibyaIn the northern parts of the continent Moroccois one of the countries affected by desertification.Here, desertification is caused by a combinationIn 1976, the Swani well field, consisting of 52 wells tapping the Quaternary aquifer south of Tripoli started operationand consequently resulted in the advance of the seawater intrusion front by more than 3 km southward bythe year 1979 The. figure reflects the changes in salinity in the Swani municipal well field in the period from 1976to 1993 before its closure.Protecting Ecosystems in AfricaNMediterranean SeaJanzurTripoliGargareshTajuraEl Maya19571972197919950 km10 kmFrom 1979 to 1995, high rates of population growth and fast urbanization, forced irrigated agriculture to movefurther south and necessitated the development of an additional well field consisting of 87 wells southeast ofTripoli, which also had to be abandoned after few years of operation. Sharp declines of the water table causedthe advance of the seawater intrusion front by 6 km in Tajura, 9 km in Gargaresh, 2 km in Janzur and 5 km in ElMaya and the total area affected by seawater intrusion reached 250 km2 (Al Fateh University 2002). The highestadvance of the seawater intrusion front in the Tripoli area took place from 1979 to 1995. During this period,the advance rate was estimated at 200 to 400 m/yr especially in the central zone south of Tripoli, while the leastadvance was in the area of Janzur due partly to the high elevation and the existence of a forest belt to the south.Previous master plans recommended the reduction of pumped groundwater in the subregion to 250 Mm3/yrby adopting certain measures.Source: AWDR National Report – Libya, 2005157
African Water Development Report 2006The African Ecosystem at Risk (WWDR) formulated according to World Ecosystem atRisk (WWDR)Main threats to ecosystems from human activities(UNESCO/WWDR, 2003)• Population and consumption growth.• Infrastructure development (dams, urban growth, highways).• Land conversion (deforestation, agriculture, urban growth).• Over-harvesting and over-exploitation (over-fishing, wastefulirrigation).• Release of pollutants (human waste, agricultural and industrialchemicals).• Introduction of exotic species (replacing and overwhelmingindigenous species).River pollution• Most African rivers running through cities are badly polluted dueto untreated domestic and industrial effluents• Rapid urbanization in Lagos increased solid waste generationsixfold to about 3.7 million tonnes a year in 1990, plus anotherhalf a million tonnes of largely untreated industrial waste because90 per cent of the industries in Nigeria lack pollution controlfacilities• About 3 million people across the region die annually as a resultof water-related diseases. 72 per cent of all reported choleracases in the world in 1998 were in Africa (UNEP GEO3).• The concentration of industries in or near cities is also a majorsource of environmental pollution and resource depletion.• In 1994, the spill of toxic chemicals from a pulp and papercompany into the Usuthu river in Swaziland killed many fish(Mavimbela 1995).• In Mozambique, more than 126 factories in and around Maputodischarge their waste directly into the environment (Couto 1995).• In Tanzania, textile mills are reported to release dyes, bleachingagents, alkalis and starch directly into Msimbazi Creek in Dar esSalaam (Bwathondi, Nkotagu and Mkuula 1991).Impacts of waterways diversion and fragmentation• Most of Africa’s largest rivers are severely fragmented by dams,diversions and canals, leading to the degradation of ecosystems.• Africa has at least 1,272 large dams with 39 situated in SouthAfrica, 213 in Zimbabwe and 107 in Algeria (UNISDR, 2004).• The Bakolori Dam in northwestern Nigeria on the DokotoRiver reduced its average flood levels by 50%, leading to a 53%decrease of cropped area WWF (2004)• Between 500,000 and 800,000 people no longer have accessto productive floodplains that provided much of their livelihooddue to the Manantali Dam on the Senegal River WWF (2004)• About 25 per cent of the land is now subject to water erosionand about 22 per cent to wind erosion, leading to increasedsiltation of rivers and dams (UNEP GEO3).• In the Sudan, for example, the total capacity of the Roseieresreservoir, which generates about 80 per cent of the country’selectricity, has fallen by 40 per cent in the past 30 years as a resultof silting from the Blue Nile (UNEP GEO3).Wetlands loss:• Studies show that more than 600 lakes in Africa have shrunk dramaticallyover the past decades, drained by deforestation, pollution andfarming (David Stauth, 2005).• A study by University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers, workingwith NASA’s Earth Observing System program show that lake Chad isnow 1/20th of the size it was 35 years ago due to increasing humanneed for water, mostly through massive irrigation projects and alsosignificant decline in rainfall since the early 1960’s. (NASA, 2001, afrolNews, 2001).• In 20 years, countries such as the Niger lost more than 80 per centof their freshwater wetlands (David Stauth, 2005).Biodiversity loss:• At the African level, many species are highly threatened: over 2000animal species and close to 2000 plant species being endangered(UNISDR, 2004).• Lake Victoria, the second largest lake in the world, was declared bythe Global Nature Fund (GNF) as the “Threatened Lake 2005“. Ofabout 500 fish species 50 years ago, some 200 species are estimatedto be on the verge of extinction.• Over 45 per cent of Africa is affected by desertification, 55 per centof which is at high or very high risk (UNEP GEO3)• Madagascar has the most Critically Endangered and Endangeredprimates and has lost 90% of its original vegetation.• The number of Kafue lechwe, a type of antelope endemic to theKafue Flats, has decreased to a third of its originally estimated 1970population of 100,000 and elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes and wilddogs have disappeared from the area entirely due to change of floodpatterns as a result of two dams on the Kafue river (WWF, 2004).• Central Africa had lost about half of its wildlife habitats by 1986.During 1980-1995, the number of extinct plants in Southern Africa increasedfrom 39 to 58. More than 700 vertebrate species, and around1 000 species of trees are threatened with extinction (UNEP GEO3).• Government statistics show that Nigeria loses 350,000 hectares ofarable land per year. In the north of the country, 10 states have alreadybeen affected and each year, the desert advances another 600 metresfurther south (Anne Isabelle Leclercq, 2005).Coastal and Marine ecosystems• Africa’s rich coastal and marine areas are under threat from pollution,an estimated 38 per cent of coastal ecosystems, such as mangroveswamps and coral reefs, are under threat from developments like portsand the growth of coastal settlements and their sewage discharges.(UNEP – GPA, 2001)• The supply of phosphate and silicate nutrients to the coastal NileDelta was reduced to 4% and 18% respectively after the Aswan HighDam was built, leading to significant reduction in productivity of coastalfisheries WWF (2004)• The waters of the Western Indian Ocean are major sea routes foran estimated 470 million tonnes of oil every year. This comes with ahigh risk of disastrous oil spills. Several oil spills have affected Africanpenguins and other marine life (UNEP GEO3).158
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159: Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161: Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165: Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
Page 168 and 169: of interdependent factors which adv
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Page 172: United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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