African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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ican countries cannot afford either to incur orto prevent. Since the late 1960s, droughts havecaused much suffering in Africa. Millions of Africanshave died of starvation and related causes.The hardest-hit areas include Ethiopia and theSahel region on the southern edge of the Sahara.(World Book, Inc., 2003).Anomalies and Trends in Rainfall PatternsThe variability of the climatic flux over the continenthas been based on the continental air(El Sayem ,1986; Zahran, 1986).Surveys on African rainfall carried out by Klaus(1977) and Nicholson (1985, 1986) have indicateda marked coherence of rainfall variations overlarge portions of the continent, a characteristicfound to be especially strong in the semi-arid regionssouth of the Sahara. With this approach,Nicholson (1986) identified various patterns ofrainfall anomaly fields that illustrate a strongtendency for synchronous fluctuations along thetropical and temperate margins of the Sahara.From the foregoing analysis, it can be inferredMANAGING RISKSFigure 10.3: Mean Position of the Africa Intertropical Convergence Zone ITCZWest RegionEast RegionSource: NOAA, 2005mass circulation controlled by the Inter TropicalConvergence Zone. As a result, areas below Lat10°N receive rainfall around March - April whilethose up to Lat 20°N receive rain in June throughSeptember. Nicholson (1986), however, pointsout that variations in Sahel rainfall are generallyrelated to changes in the intensity of the rainyseason rather than to its onset or length as theITCZ hypothesis would claim. This means that,in this case, extreme rainfall events cannot bemeaningfully predicted through the anomalousexcursions of the ITCZ as proposed by Kraus(1977), which has been used quite extensively foranalysis of rainfall variations in tropical Africathat the rainfall pattern over Africa exhibits veryhigh variabilities over time and are quite oftenaccentuated with positive and negative anomalies.Positive anomalies occur when there aresignificant departures of rainfall above the longtermmean and negative when below. This variabilityassumes higher dimensions, especially inareas lying in the transition from tropical climateto the arid conditions of the North. It becomesapparent that investigations into the behaviouralpatterns of rainfall must be directed toward theclimatic and atmospheric mechanisms at smallsynoptic scales and mesoscales that could trigger231
African Water Development Report 2006this type of anomalies. Here, special attentionmust be paid to the work of Nicholson (1986) onspatial coherence of African rainfall anomalieswhich needs to be further enhanced in order toevolve some index of anomaly that could be em-ployed as a predictor of possible anomalous rainyseasons based on advance knowledge of rainfallanomalies in other climatic areas of the continent,especially within intra hemispheric regionsof Africa (Andah, 1988).Figure 10.4: Current vs Mean Position of the Africa ITCZ, as analyzed by the NOAAClimate Preditction CenterNote: The migration of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in Africa affects seasonal precipitation patterns across that continent. The blueshading on the map shows the areas of highest cloud reflectivity, which correspond to the average monthly position of the ITCZ.Table 10.1: 2005 10-Day Mean ITCZ Position15W 10W 5W 0 5E 10E 15E 20E 25E 30E 35EApril 1-10 10.2 11.9 12.6 12.7 10.6 7.6 6.9 7.1 7.0 7.8 9.3April 11-20 5.1 8.1 11.8 13.4 12.8 10.9 11.4 10.1 8.5 9.4 11.6April 21-30 9.6 12.1 13.6 14.3 13.9 12.6 12.2 12.1 11.5 11.8 12.4May 1-10 12.7 14.6 16.1 16.7 16.4 15.2 14.3 13.2 12.1 11.4 12.0May 11-20 13.4 14.2 15.0 15.0 13.2 11.3 11.1 11.0 9.9 10.3 12.4May 21-31 10.5 13.3 15.4 17.3 16.4 14.5 13.6 13.5 13.2 14.5 16.2June 1-10 10.7 16.1 17.3 18.1 18.3 17.6 16.1 14.8 13.3 13.5 15.5June 11-20 15.0 17.0 17.8 17.6 18.5 17.5 15.8 13.9 12.9 13.9 15.9June 21-30 16.4 17.1 17.2 17.4 17.0 16.0 15.4 14.1 13.7 14.0 16.5July 1-10 17.0 18.5 19.8 19.7 19.3 18.6 18.4 17.4 16.1 16.9 17.9July 11-20 18.7 20.0 20.9 20.5 18.4 17.1 16.1 16.2 16.6 17.3 18.6July 21-31 17.2 18.3 19.5 19.2 18.0 17.5 17.7 18.0 17.0 17.6 19.5August 1-10 18.7 20.4 20.8 20.1 18.8 18.1 18.1 17.4 17.6 18.8 20.4August 11-20 19.9 20.8 21.1 19.5 18.3 17.5 18.0 18.2 17.8 17.1 18.5Source: NOAA, 2005232
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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