African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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plantains and many others to go to waste. FAOstatistics show that Africa’s per capita agriculturaland food production indices were 99 and100 in 2000 (1989-1991=100), much lower thanthe total production indices of 127 and 128. Thisfact attests that agricultural growth did not keeppace with population growth. Given disparitiesamong countries, the little change in per capitafood production combined with increasing inequalitiesin income and food distribution leadsto the conclusion that there has been, at best, nochange or worse, an increase in the number offood-insecure and malnourished people in mostcountries in recent years. In the period 2000 -2003, the index of per capita food production isalmost invariant in almost all the countries, withWATER FOR FOOD SECURITYFigure 8.2: Index of Per Capita food ProductionAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeCentral AfricanChadComorosCongoCongo, Dem RepCôte d'IvoireDjiboutiEquatorial GuineaEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRéunionRwandaS. Tome & PrincipeSenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSudanSwazilandTanzaniaTogoUgandaZambiaZimbabwe0 20 40 60 80 100 1202003 2002 2001Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2004. FAOSTAT online statistical service.Available online at: http://apps.fao.org, Rome: FAO.Note: The per capita food production index shows the food output (after deduction for feed and seed) of a country’sagriculture sector relative to the base period 1999-2001. The per capita food production index covers all edible agriculturalproducts that contain nutrients; coffee and tea are excluded.193
African Water Development Report 2006only Cameroon showing increased value in 2003(Figure 8.2), even though in terms of values,Mauritius seems to maintain a very good level.Figure 8.3 shows the gross and per capita indicesof agricultural and food production in Cameroonfor the period 1990 - 2000.The Main Causes of Food Insecurityand VulnerabilityThere are many natural and man-made factorsthat affect agricultural production and enhancementin Africa, leading to endemic malnutrition,persistent hunger and even famine in varioussubregions of the continent. Primary amongstthem are the following constraints (FAO, 2000):Political ConstraintsThe African continent, which is more familiarwith the pangs of hunger than any other region inthe world, is ravaged by an array of armed conflictsoccurring within countries or between neighbouringcountries (Angola, Burundi, Congo, the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia,Guinea-Bissau, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia,Sudan, Uganda and so on). These troubles, whicharise from political crises, not only cause terriblehuman suffering, including massive populationdisplacement and the enforced recruitment ofchildren, but also paralyse production structuresand absorb virtually all of the national and internationalfinancial resources that should have beenallocated to development programmes. Althoughthe situation is improving in the Congo, Liberia,Rwanda and Sierra Leone, as a result of agreementsbetween the warring parties, food supplyis still a source of concern, especially for women,children and mutilated adults. In the Sudan, thepercentage of needs met this year is far below thatof 1998 (FAO, 2000).Figure 8.3: Agricultural and Food Production Indices in Cameroon160140120Agricultural ProductionIndexAgricultural Per CapitaProduction IndexFood Production Index100Food Per CapitaProduction IndexIndices8060402001990 1992 1999 2000Source: AWDR National Report, 2003.194
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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