African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per person peryear to designate danger of water-stress. Whenthe figures drop below 1000 m3 per person peryear, nations are considered water scarce, whichmeans that lack of water becomes a severe constrainton food production, economic development,and protection of natural systems. Today,26 countries with 232 million people belongto this group. The key word here is the sharingof a common water resource. The problem liesat the nexus between what essentially is a zerosumgame, and the peculiarities of the upstreamdownstreamdilemma: when the sum of the riparianStates’ water withdrawals from a sharedriver approaches the finite flow of the river, anyfurther withdrawals from an upstream Statewill mean less water for the downstream ones.Conflicts between countries over such sharedwater resources occur in all parts of the world.Most often, they are about dividing the quantityof water in a river between riparian States, butthey may also be about water quality (pollutionmeans a scarcity of usable water for downstreamrecipients), and about groundwater withdrawals(aquifers know no borders). It is important tounderstand the limitations of attempts to overcomethe zero-sum game by attempts to increasesupply (ibid).Confidence-buildingThere are in fact ways to increase the supply (flow)of a river. The clue lies in minimizing the largeevaporation losses that follow whenever water isspread out over a large area in a hot and arid climate.Such spreading-out may occur naturally (aprime example is the Sudd Marshes on the Nilein southern Sudan), or more commonly, throughthe building of dams in flat areas (such as theAswan Dam). The Aswan Dam is actually situatedin a singularly bad position from the pointof view of evaporation losses. Residing on Egyptianterritory close to the border with the Sudan,it covers an enormous area in order to capture anamount of water sufficient to maintain the flowof the Nile through Egypt even during severaldry years in a row. The same amount of storedwater, and the same regulatory function, could,in principle, be obtained from building a dam onthe Blue Nile, in the Ethiopian mountain gorges,but with a much lower cost of evaporation losses,since a dam of similar volume there would havemuch less surface area (ibid).A joint Egyptian-Sudanese-Ethiopian project inEthiopia thus would result in more water to beshared among the riparian States. The problem,of course, is that to the Egyptians, such a solutionis unacceptable on two grounds: as thingsstand at present, they could never leave the fateof their agricultural production capability to thegoodwill of Ethiopia. Secondly, they could nevertrust Ethiopia not to use the Dam for irrigationprojects of their own, thus diverting potentiallylarger amounts of water from the upper Nilethan now (ibid). The same, unfortunately, appliesto the now-aborted project to dry up the SuddMarshes by building the Jonglei Canal. Any attemptby the Sudanese to use the canal to divertwater for irrigation would be a threat to downstreamEgypt, since it could potentially meanlarger water withdrawals than present evaporationlosses. Two lessons could perhaps be derivedfrom these examples. The extra amount of waterto be obtained from attempts to increase thesupply in rivers may not be that large (particularlycompared to the magnitude of steadily risingdemands), and realizing what potential there iscrucially depends on creating enough confidencebetween the riparian States (ibid). The presentinstitutional framework of the Nile Basin Initiative(see Box 11.4) is expected to move in thisdirection. In fact, the pressures on riparian Statesto cooperate in managing shared water-resourcesare so strong that in many cases, pragmatismtends to overcome a less-than-perfect internationallegal framework. Towards this objectivethe Nile Basin Initiative has designed sub-basincooperative projects among the relevant ripariancountries as Subsidiary Action Programmes(SAP). An example is the Eastern Nile projectinvolving Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt to be implementedwithin Ethiopia (Table 11.4).SHARING WATER FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATION263
African Water Development Report 2006Table 11.4: ENSAP Projects to be implemented in EthiopiaArea of CooperationIntegrated Water Resources ManagementIrrigation & DrainageHydropower Development andRegional Power TradeWatershed ManagementSub-ProjectsBaro-Akobo Multi-purpose Water Resources DevelopmentAngar-Didessa, Lake Tana Shores andHumera Projects• Ethiopia-Sudan Transmission InterconnectionSub-Project• Eastern Nile Power Trade Investment Program− Karadobi Project− Baro Project− Mendaia Project− Mabil Project− Border ProjectBaro, Abbay and Tekeze catchments watershed management projectsBox 11.4Nile Basin Initiative – A Process of Confidence BuildingIn 1998, all riparian countries of the Nile River (except Eritrea) joined in a dialogue to design a transitional institutionalmechanism until a permanent cooperative framework is in place. The transitional mechanism, launchedin 1999, comprised the Nile Commission (Nile-COM), a Technical Advisory Committee (Nile-TAC), and asecretariat (Nile-SEC). The overall process is known as Nile Basin Initiative (NBI).The NBI provides an agreed basin-wide framework to fight poverty and promote economic development inthe region. The NBI also provides a process to facilitate investment in the Nile Basin to achieve regional socioeconomicdevelopment. The Initiative is guided by a shared vision “to achieve the sustainable socio-economicdevelopment through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile Basin Water Resources”.The primary objectives of the NBI being:-• To develop the Water Resources of the Nile Basin in a sustainable and equitable way to ensure prosperity,security and peace for all its peoples;• To ensure efficient water management and the optimal use of the resources;• To ensure cooperation and joint action between the riparian countries, seeking win-win gains;• To target poverty reduction and promote economic integration;• To ensure that the program results in a move from planning to action.To translate its shared vision into action, the NBI has launched a Strategic Action Program, which includes twocomplementary components: (1) a basin-wide Shared Vision Program (SVP), and (2) Subsidiary Action Program(SAP).An NBI Secretariat has been established with its headquarters originally located in Entebbe, Uganda, and nowmoved to Kigali, Rwanda). The Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat is the umbrella organization mainly engaged in theimplementation of the “Shared Vision Program” which consists of overall projects of basin-wide nature in orderto create an enabling environment within the Nile riparian countries for cooperative programs in water resourcesdevelopment and management. Within the basin-wide framework, Subsidiary Action Programs will compriseactual development projects at sub-basin level, involving two or more countries.This will allow the move from planning to action. The Nile riparians have formed two SAPs. The Eastern Nile(EN-SAP) includes Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia; while the Nile Equatorial Lakes Region (NEL-SAP) includes the six264
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Page 268 and 269: Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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Page 282: Water Resources Management In Afric
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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