African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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tary conditions. Among steps to combat diseaseand malnutrition, the Convention on the Rightsof the Child calls on countries to provide cleandrinking water and sanitation (Article 24). Assessingthe adequacy of sanitation facilities bearingin mind environmental and public healthconcerns is more complex than assessing watersupply. In terms of coverage, the basic questionthat arises is: Which level of sanitation? Is a traditionalpit latrine a sufficient sanitation service,or a VIP latrine? In most African countries, thechoice of the basic standard generally dependson the level of economic development and urbanization,and not the perceived public and environmentalhealth safety standards. An exampleof different types of sanitation facilities in usein South Africa is shown in figure 5.18 and therecommended indications for improved drinkingwater sources and sanitation facilities are givenin table 5.1 (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004).Coverage for the whole of Africa and somecountries is shown in Figures 5.19 and 5.20.There are disparities between the urban and theFigure 5.18: Type of Sanitation by Household in South AfricaBucket latrine4%Pit latrinewithoutventilation23%Pit latrine withventilation(VIP)6%None14%Chemical toilet2%rural coverage of both water supply and sanitationas shown in figures 5.20 and 5.21. A countryexample, using Cameroon, is shown in figure5.22. In Libya about 48 per cent of the householdsare connected to national sewage systems,even though the variation is very wide.Flush toilet(connected toseweragesystem)48%Flush toilet(with septictank)3%WATER FOR MEETING BASIC NEEDSFigure 5.19: Sanitation Coverage in AfricaSource: WHO/UNICEF, 2001103
African Water Development Report 2006Table 5.1: Indications for improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilitiesImproved drinking water sourcesHousehold connectionPublic standpipeBoreholeProtected dug wellProtected springRainwater collectionConnection to a public sewerConnection to a septic systemPour-flush latrineSimple pit latrineVentilated improved pit latrineUnimproved drinking water sourcesUnprotected wellUnprotected springRivers or pondsVendor-provided waterBottled waterTanker truck waterPublic or shared latrineOpen pit latrineBucket latrineSource: WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2004Fig. 5.20: Progress in Access to Improved Sanitation in Africa, 1990-2000AlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeC. African RepChadComorosCongo, DemCôte d'IvoireDjiboutiEgyptEq. GuineaEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLibyaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSudanTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabwe0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1002000 1990104
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 111: African Water Development Report 20
Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137: abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145: Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
Page 152 and 153: espective of the fact that some oth
Page 154 and 155: Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159: Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161: Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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