African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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The present day call for integrated water resourcesmanagement (IWRM) is based on the furtherrealization that water is both an economic anda social good and its development and managementmust be carried out in harmony with theenvironment. Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM) therefore calls for a holisticapproach and has initiated. a process whichaims to ensure the coordinated development andmanagement of water, land and related resourcesto optimize economic and social welfare withoutcompromising the sustainability of environmentalsystems.Up-to-date knowledge bases and modern technologiesare needed for:(a) The development of an integrated perceptionof the interconnected processes involvedin the hydrological cycle;(b) The quantification of the elements of thehydrological cycle at all scales and their interrelations,much needed for the planning,design and operation of water resourcesprojects and for various applications in agriculturaland environmental activities;(c) Hydrometeorological data collection, managementand network design, and also forthe monitoring of processes such as climatechange, desertification, freshwater availability,environmental degradation and naturaldisaster prevention;(d) Information communication aimed at enhancingthe growing role of the public inwater decision making.The multidisciplinary nature of water resourcesmakes it highly dependent on the developmentof other branches of science and technologysuch as: Mathematics, Physics, Biology, Chemistry,Geography, Fluid Mechanics, Electronics,Hydraulics, Hydrology, Computer Science andother social sciences. The invention of computersand their subsequent developments havecontributed immensely to the development andadvancement of science and technology in thefield of water resources development and management.Many hitherto unresolved theoreticalformulations in hydraulics and hydrology havenow found cheaper and faster solutions. Specifically,water resources technologies needed for aneffective integrated water resources managementshould include the following:Data Collection and ManagementAn effective water resources development andmanagement depends on the sufficiency, qualityand management of data on the various componentsof the hydrological cycle and the environment.Boxes 16.3 and 16.4 give some informationon water-related databases in Ethiopiaand Mauritius. Technologies are still needed toovercome the differences between the temporaland spatial scales of such physical phenomena asrainfall and discharge as well as the mode of theirmeasurement. For example, rainfall is a spatialprocess while its measurement is at a point, andit is still difficult and expensive to have a continuousmeasurement of discharge in the formof time series, which is mostly needed. Eventhough there are software technologies to effectthe necessary conversions, further developmentof the radar and satellite technologies (thoughexpensive) is expected to augment data resolutionand coverage. The more innovative moderntechnologies include:Remote SensingIn contemporary scientific circles, it is recognizedthat remote sensing can help provide a better understandingof the space-time behaviour of suchconditions as potential evaporation, rainfall, nebulosity,surface temperatures in oceans and continents,land surface conditions and vegetativeconditions. In the hydrology and water resourcessector in particular, many positive results of researchhave been achieved to date in the area ofremote sensing of various hydrological variables,and some of these are already in operational use.This technology in hydrology and water resourcescan be potentially used particularly in: pre-ENSURING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE305
African Water Development Report 2006Box 16.3: Water Resources Information Centre (WRIC) - Ethiopia{Water Resources Information and Natural Resources and Environmental Metadata Base Centre)The centre was incorporated in the current structure of the Ministry of Water Resources in 2003 in fulfilment ofthe requirements of Article 2.2.4 of the Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy. The centre provides thefollowing services:(a) Metadata: Administration of the metadata base created jointly with six other government institutions andwhich information on all existing natural resources of the country;(b) GIS and Remote Sensing: The overall expected service under this category is to provide to all users withgeo-information. The type of services in this regard include, extracting digital information from existingstudy reports; digitizing mapping information; preparing analysed information for the benefit of users;compiling information to assist decision makers; preparing geo-technical presentations for meetings suchas workshops and conferences and to publicize existing data and information to potential users;(c) Information System and Technology: The service expected is to introduce information systems and technologyin the institution and bring up to date all users with the existing technology, to the extent thatresources allow. Some of the services included are: to train staff in IT; to computerize services of the differentdepartments and services; to develop and administer the Ministry’s Website; and to administer theMinistry’s Local & Wide Area Network;(d) Library and Documentation: The service under this is essentially a library service. The Ministry has onelibrary with a modest collection of technical books and literature relating to water resources developmentand management. Copies of all study reports are deposited in the library and are available for reference.The library gives service to all users interested in water resources development and managementBox 16.4: Inventory of water-related databases in MauritiusThe CWA Master Plan update (1990) has a whole chapter on the available hydrological data over the island. Accordingto the report, the setting up of hydrological stations and data collection dates back to the 18th century. Presentlythe CWA and the Meteorological Services have compiled in tabular, digital and mapped format the followinginformation:1. Digital maps of the water supply network, surface water abstraction and groundwater abstractions at the CentralWater Authority.2. Digital maps of the surface and groundwater resources (aquifers boundaries) at the Water Resources Unit.3. Digital maps of the topography of the island have been produced by the Ministry of Land and Housing.4. The MSIRI has produced pedological and soil maps for the island, and these are available in hardcopy format.5. The Water Resources Unit publishes daily river flow data at selected river gauging stations and minimum andmaximum groundwater levels at selected observation wells in hydrological reports every 2 to 3 years since 1967(CWA Master Plan, 1990).6. The Central Water Authority (CWA) data bank contains annual and monthly rainfall for 140 stations for the period1951-1988, as well as daily rainfall for the same period regarding about thirty raingauges; West, North andGRSE basin essentially (CWA Master Plan, 1990).7. The CWA compiles monthly abstractions from rivers and aquifers for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses.8. The CWA has compiled a set of geological logs for large, medium and small diameter coreholes.9. The Meteorological Services operate weather stations over the island, and they have compiled a digital databasefor these information.The Ministry of Environment is currently developing Environmental Information Systems which will compile as muchinformation available on water quantity and quality for the whole island (GWP, 2005).Source: AWDR National Report, 2005306
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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