African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Supply Company the cost is P 4.04/ m 3 while inother villages it is P 2.71/ m 3 . The average unitcost increases by more than 50 per cent if themonthly consumption doubles (except in ruralvillages).In South Africa (AWDR National Report,2005), water use charges are based on demandside strategy of integrated water resource managementwhich allows for:(a) Funding water resources management;(b) Funding water resource development anduse of waterworks; and(c) Achieving equitable and efficient allocationof water.The Government has therefore introduced a policyfor the pricing of potable water making thefirst 6m 3 /household/month free.Predominant Types of Water SupplyBlock Tariffs in AfricaMany African countries have adopted the blocktariff system with the aim of reconciling the economicgood status of water with its social value.The main problem is how to determine what canbe considered as the socially necessary volume ofwater per person to cover household needs andpersonal hygiene on the basis of which Governmentsshould fix the minimum value. From theAWDR national reports, apart from Mauritiuswhich uses a multiple step block tariff system,the systems more widely used are the two andthree block systems (tables 12.3, 12.4 and 12.5).Botswana and South Africa use the two blocksystem while Cameroon and Mauritania use thethree tier tariff.VALUING WATERTable 12.3: Two Block Tariff SystemAverage unit tariff for two monthly consumption levels (Pula/m3; 2004 tariffs). BotswanaDomestic- business20m 3Domestic- business40m 3Government20m 3Government40 m 3Gaborone 4.69 7.60 9.59 15.38Rural villagesNSWC supplied4.04 6.92 12.26 21.03Rural villages 2.71 4.66 12.05 12.05National Potable Water Tariff Survey in South AfricaTariff 20-60 kl/monthTariff > 60 kl/monthAv. Min. Max. Av. Min. Max.R 3.60 R 0.00 R 15.57 R 3.94 R 0.00R15.57NOTE: The tariffs reported here are population-weighted averages of municipal retail tariffs adjusted/escalated to 2004SOURCE: DWAF Annual report. 2003/04 Table 3.1287
African Water Development Report 2006Table 12.4: Three Block Tariff SystemPrice of urban water supply for different users in Cameroon since 1995 - CameroonType of subscribersPrivateAdministration,public taps,community buildings,washing pointsIndustrial andCommercialConsumption1-10 m 3per monthPrice per m 3 withouttaxes, FCFAPrice per m 3 with taxes of18.7 %, FCFA271 271>10 m 3 per month 337 400UnlimitedM 3 per month354 4201-10 000 m 3 per year 354 42010 001-50 000 33950 001-100 000 324100 001-250000 312> 250 000 298 354MauritaniaTariff 0-20 m 3 /bimonthly Tariff 20-40 m 3 /bimonthly Tariff more than 40 m 3 /bimonthly93.50 UM/ m 3 185.24 UM/ m 3 232.65 UM/ m 3Source: Djeuda-Tchapnga et al., (2001)Table 12.5: Multiple Block Tariff SystemWater tariffs for different users in MauritiusWater consumed (m³)Rs/m³First 10 cubic metres 4.50Next 5 cubic metres 5.50Next 5 cubic metres 7.50Next 10 cubic metres 9.50Next 20 cubic metres 13.50Next 50 cubic metres 18.00Next 150 cubic metres 24.00All additional cubic metres 30.00Minimum charge per Month 45.00Meter Rent per Month 10.00288
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 245 and 246: African Water Development Report 20
Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
Page 264 and 265: Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
Page 266 and 267: Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
Page 268 and 269: Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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Page 282: Water Resources Management In Afric
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Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
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Page 320 and 321: Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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Page 326 and 327: the science and technology of the s
Page 328 and 329: Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 338 and 339: particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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