African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Some of the shortcomings faced by the WHOstudy included:(a) Limited information on national health expenditures,services, and outcomes in Africancountries during the 1990s;(b) Serious gaps in data, particularly concerningprivate sector delivery and financing,health service utilization, equity and efficiencymeasures; and(c) General lack of data disaggregated by regionswithin a country, or among differentsocial groups of interest, such as the poor.Examination of these types of data limitations isvery relevant to monitoring effects and targetingthe implementation of health policy, especiallypublic spending, within a country. There are oftenurban, rural and regional differences in publicspending, availability of services and health outcomeswithin a country. For example, in examiningMinistry of Health spending in 22 Africancountries, Vogel found that 16 of these countriesspent more than half of their budgets in urbanareas, whereas their populations were predominantlyrural (5). Similarly, the richest people inAfrican countries tend to benefit much morefrom public spending on health than the poorest,though the poorest people usually have greaterneed than the richest (6). For example, in Côted’Ivoire in 1994, the under-five mortality rate forthe poorest 20 per cent of the population was 172,whereas for the richest 20 per cent it was 121, andthe prevalence rate of malnourished children was30 per cent among the poorest, and 20 per centand 15 per cent among the richest 20 per centof the population. The issue of poverty, equityand health deserves a higher place on the healthpolicy agenda of African countries and their internationalpartners, and should be backed up bymore evidence on how well spending on health istargeted to meeting the needs of the poor.Africa has the world’s most rapid rate of urbanization,at 5 per cent per annum. Given its currenteconomic situation, Africa cannot affordto spend its constrained resources on producingwater that is allowed to go to waste; yet there isa lot of water wastage. For example, the averagelevel of unaccounted-for water is about 50 percent in urban water supplies; and as much as 70per cent of the water used for irrigation is lostand not used by plants. Currently, most Africancountries consider water as supplied from any ofthe following sources as safe potable water:(a) Pipe-borne water (in homes or at publicstandpipes or from a neighbors tap);(b) Bore holes;(c) Protected wells and springs; and(d) Rainwater.Moreover, the WHO and UNICEF report includesunder “improved drinking water sources”all of household connection, public standpipe,borehole, protected dug well, protected springand rainwater collection.The water supply coverage for urban and ruralenvironments for Africa as a whole is shown inFigure 5.15. The progress made by African countriesin improving access to water supply in theperiod 1990-2000 is shown in Fig. 5.16 and thedisparity between uurban and rural access to ImprovedWater Source is shown in fig. 5.17.One example of progress in water improvementis Malawi, which increased from 48 per cent to62 per cent (85 per cent in urban and 58 per centin rural areas), access to potable water supply forits people since 1994. It is also estimated that64 per cent of the population has access to someform of sanitation, although only 9 per cent isserved through a sewage system or sewer connectingseptic tanks.WATER FOR MEETING BASIC NEEDSAccess to Safe Water Supply and SanitationServices99
African Water Development Report 2006Figure 5.15: Summarised Water Supply Coverage in AfricaPopulation(million)8006004002000AFRICAN WATER SUPPLY COVERAGEUrban Rural TotalSupply TypeTotal Population Population served population unservedSource: WHO/UNICEF, 2001AlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeC. African RepChadComorosCongoCongo, Dem RepCôte d'IvoireDjiboutiEgyptEq. GuineaEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLibyaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaSudanTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabwe0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1002000 1990Source: World Resources Institute – Earth Trends. The Environmental Information Portal: http://earthtrends.wri.org/100
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 107: African Water Development Report 20
Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137: abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145: Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
Page 152 and 153: espective of the fact that some oth
Page 154 and 155: Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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