African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Hydroelectric capacity accounts for about 22 percent of the total electric-generating capacity inAfrica. Hydroelectricity represents the primarysource of electricity in East Africa and CentralAfrica (and nearly half in West Africa). Relianceon hydropower is 80 per cent or greater in Cameroon,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Ghana, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, andZambia. Hydropower reliance is greater than70 per cent in several other African countries.Nuclear power accounts for only 2 per cent ofAfrica’s total electric-generating capacity, and islocated in only one country, South Africa.Africa. In those regions, the use of biomass haslargely taken the place of electricity from a powergrid.Commercial Energy ConsumptionCommercial energy consumption is increasingthroughout Africa. Energy demand in Africagrew by an average rate of 2.7 per cent per annumfrom 1980 to 1997, and a little faster (anaverage 3.1 per cent per annum) from 1990 to1997. During the period 1970-1997, Africa’scommercial energy consumption (excludingHARNESSING ENERGY FOR DEVELOPMENTPer Capita Consumption of Oil in some Selected CountriesOil Consumption - Barrels/day/1000people4035302520151050Eq.GuineaGabonLibyaSenegalAngolaAlgeriaEgyptNigeriaGhanaSudanCameroonChadSouth AfricaCote d'IvoireCongo, Dem.Rep.CountrySource: Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy. http://www.nationmaster.comGeothermal generating plants make up onlyabout 0.1 per cent of total electric-generatingcapacity in Africa. Ethiopia and Kenya accountfor the entire capacity. Access to a central powergrid is a major challenge for Africa. Outside ofSouthern Africa (and to a lesser extent, NorthAfrica), electrification rates are very low (Energyin Africa, 1999).As a result, per capita electricity consumptionis extremely low in Central, East, and West“non-commercial” fuels such as firewood, charcoaland animal waste) increased by about 220per cent (from 3.6 to 11.4 quadrillion Btu). Thecontinent’s share of world commercial energyconsumption increased slightly, from 2 per centin 1970 to 3 per cent in 1997 (Energy in Africa,1999). Commercial energy consumption in Africa,as a share of the world total, is expected toremain virtually constant (at about 3 per cent)up to 2020. Africa’s share of world commercialenergy consumption is small for a variety of reasons,including low per capita income, level of219
African Water Development Report 2006industrialization, ownership and usage of automobiles(about 20 cars per 1,000 people), andpenetration of appliances such as refrigerators,freezers, and air conditioners. In addition, Africaalso consumes large amounts of “non-commercial”energy. Added to this is the availabilityof and use of “non-commercial” fuels. Furthermore,Africa’s enormous “commercial” energyresources are massively underdeveloped and theenergy infrastructure are also poorly developedfor commercial energy distribution to consumersthrough pipelines and electricity grids. Widespreadand severe poverty also means that peoplecannot afford to pay for “conventional” energyresources, and must instead rely on biomass orand suchlike sources. The fact that many Africancountries are landlocked makes the import ofcommercial energy by those countries even moredifficult and expensive (Energy in Africa, 1999).to 26.5 Btu in 1997, and is forecast to reach 45.5quads in 2020.Natural gas production grew the most, by 3.9quads, followed by growth in oil and coal (3.8and 3.6 quads, respectively), hydroelectricity (0.4quads), and nuclear power (0.1 quads). Oil accountedfor over 86 per cent of Africa’s commercialenergy production in 1970, coal stood adistant second at 11 per cent, followed by hydroelectricityat 2 per cent, and then natural gasat 0.5 per cent (Energy in Africa, 1999). As of1997, oil had declined to 63 per cent, while coalhad increased to 19 per cent, natural gas to 15per cent, hydroelectric to 2.3 per cent, and nuclearpower to 0.5 per cent. Africa’s share of worldcommercial energy production has remainedrelatively constant since 1970 at 7 per cent, andis expected to remain at about this level up to2020. The distribution of Africa’s commercialPer Capita Energy Production by CountryPer Capita Energy Production5,000.004,500.004,000.003,500.003,000.002,500.002,000.001,500.001,000.00500.000.00NamibiaTogoNigerBurkina FasoBurundiEthiopiaCentral African Rep.ComorosSomaliaBeninMaliSierra LeoneEquatorial GuineaGuinea-BissauEritreaMadagascarGambia, TheSudanMauritaniaUgandaTanzaniaMalawiCongo, Dem RepGuineaSao Tome and PrincipeCongo, Rep.AngolaNigeriaSenegalLiberiaKenyaCameroonCote d'IvoireGhanaBotswanaSwazilandWestern SaharaMozambiqueDjiboutiMoroccoZimbabweSaint HelenaGabonAlgeriaZambiaEgyptTunisiaSeychellesLibyaSouth AfricaSource: Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy. http://www.nationmaster.comCommercial Energy ProductionCommercial energy production in Africa hasnearly doubled since 1970, and is expected toincrease by another 68 per cent by 2020. Productionhas remained flat (at around 7 per cent) asa share of the world total. African commercialenergy production grew from 14.8 Btu in 1970energy production throughout the continent isvery uneven. For example, about 99 per centof Africa’s coal output is in Southern Africa(mainly South Africa). Natural gas production,on the other hand, is overwhelmingly concentratedin North Africa (mainly Algeria andEgypt). Crude oil production is concentrated inNorth Africa (Algeria, Egypt, and Libya), West220
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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