African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the analysis above, it becomes clear thatwater resources technology transfer and capacitybuilding are two indispensable activities, but thetwo inseparable sides of the same coin, necessaryfor sustainable water resources developmentand management. In the developed countries,these two processes are taken for granted dueto the availability of appropriate infrastructure,adequate scientific knowledge bases compatiblewith technological levels and proper mechanismsfor information dissemination and exchange. InAfrican countries, however, there is the need forconscious and systematic efforts to create anddevelop such conditions which are necessary forthe transfer, adaptation and assimilation of newtechnologies into their socio-economic environments.The capability of a country, a region ora water sector to exploit a particular technologyis therefore determined by its overall legislativestructures, technological level and scientific andtechnical know-how.Capacity building should therefore encompassthe human, scientific, technological, organizational,institutional and resource capabilities ofa region, a country or a water sector to receive,update and create knowledge necessary to keeppace with the ever-increasing water developmentand management needs, including the presentpressures for sustainable development. It is onlywhen an enabling environment is guaranteedwithin the society that the human and institutionalcapacity building would be effective in enhancingthe skills and competences needed forintegrated water resources management. The capacitybuilding process therefore should consistof the following:(a) Creation of an environment with appropriatepolicy and legal frameworks;(b) Institutional development, including communityparticipation;(c) Human resources development andstrengthening of managerial systems;(d) Sustainable funding.Enabling EnvironmentIn order to achieve the institutional and humancapabilities necessary for integrated water resourcesmanagement there is the need to createan enabling environment within which waterrelatedinstitutions, professions and the public atlarge would operate in an interactive manner andin harmony. It is clear from the experiences of thedeveloped world that the enabling environmentis the total capacity of a given society to absorband assimilate knowledge and technology for thebetterment of its citizens through adequate andeffective legal, administrative and financial institutionalset-ups.The experiences of modern Japan and the rapidindustrializing Asian countries like South Korea,Taiwan and Singapore indicate that an effectivelong-term strategic planning is indispensable,and this in turn requires diverse efforts including:(a) Raising the level of schooling of the generalpublic (figs. 16.2-3);(b) Increasing the proportion of the populationwith higher education;(c) Raising the proportion of scientists and engineers;(d) Emphasizing research and development;(e) Creating an environment which encouragesresearch and development in the operationaland private sectors;(f ) Strengthening state-university-industrycollaborative efforts; and(g) Creating an enabling environment and incentivesfor professional practice.ENSURING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE311
African Water Development Report 2006312Figure 16.2: Ratio of Primary School children of official school ageSchool Enrollment Ratio120.00%100.00%80.00%60.00%40.00%20.00%0.00%In order for water-related institutions and stakeholdersto grasp the complex issues of waterresources in a growing situation of freshwaterstress, Governments must rise up to the occasionto consider water as a scarce resource andan economic good which must be managed inits own right. This would involve the institutionof appropriate legal water rights, regulations andUgandaMalawiTunisiaAlgeriaRwandaSwazilandEgyptTogoSouth AfricaGabonBotswanaLiberiaNamibiaZimbabweLesothoMoroccoEquatorial GuineaBeninGambiaKenyaMadagascarZambiaCote d'IvoireMauritaniaSenegalGhanaChadComorosCentral African RepMozambiqueBurundiGuinea-BissauGuineaEthiopiaTanzaniaSudanMaliEritreaAngolaBurkina FasoCongo, Dem. RepDjiboutiNigerData Source: Based on the International Standard Classification of Education, 1976 (ISCED76) and 1997(ISCED97).Figure 16.3: Secondary School Net Enrolment RatioNet Enrollment Ratio90.00%80.00%70.00%60.00%50.00%40.00%30.00%20.00%10.00%0.00%policies which would promote integrated waterresources management to meet the wider socialand economic development objectives of thesociety. Thus, the enabling environment encompassesgeneral infrastructure development, water-relatedinstitutions and the legal instrumentsthat govern them.EgyptTunisiaBotswanaAlgeriaSouth AfricaSwazilandZimbabweNamibiaGambiaGhanaMoroccoSierra LeoneEquatorial GuineaMalawiLiberiaKenyaTogoEritreaLesothoZambiaBeninMauritaniaEthiopiaUgandaGuineaCongo, Dem. RepMadagascarMozambiqueBurkina FasoChadNigerTanzaniaData Source: Based on the International Standard Classification of Education, 1976 (ISCED76) and 1997 (ISCED97).
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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Page 346 and 347: 5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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