African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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past few decades, population density is still lowand distribution over land areas is uneven (Seefigure 6.11). Mean population density in 1995was 24.8 per sq. km (for comparison, the populationdensity in Europe exceeds 100 persons persq. km). Population distribution mainly dependson physiography (e. g., deserts and tropical rainforests are poorly inhabited), and on historical andsocio-economic conditions (Shiklomanov, 2002).In many countries, population density is less than15 persons per sq. km; in some countries (Botswana,Namibia, Mauritania, Western Sahara) itequals 2-3 persons per sq. km. The highest density(200-600 persons per sq. km) is observed in smallisland countries (e.g., Mauritius), in small countriesin East Africa (Burundi, Rwanda), in thecoastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea, maritimeplains and industrial mining regions in South Africa.Nigeria’s population growth trend is shownin Table 6.8.Protecting Ecosystems in AfricaFig. 6.11: Subregional Population Density50Density - Persons/sq. m403020100Sub RegionsThe high population density is also observed inrare oases in deserts; in the Nile River Valley itattains 1500 persons per sq. km. In the face of agrowing population and ever-changing technologicaladvances, pressures on biological diversity aremounting. Activities focusing on the sustainablemanagement of biological diversity must thereforeinclude socio-economic issues. This impliesinter-sectoral cooperation and decentralization ofmanagement to the lowest level appropriate, equitableand gender sensitive distribution of benefits,and the use of adaptive management toolsand policies to deal with uncertainties as modifiedin light of experience and changing conditions. Astudy of the carrying capacity of land in developingcountries compared Africa’s projected futurepopulation with its food production potential(FAO 1982). According to the study, the numberof countries that will be unable to feed themselvesfrom home production using the present low levelof inputs will rise from 22 out of 49 in 1975 to32 by the end of the 20th century and to 35 bythe year 2025. In countries with limited cultivableland and high population growth rates - such asKenya, Ethiopia, Malawi, Burundi, and Rwanda -fallow periods are no longer sufficient to allow soilfertility to be restored, with the result that cropyields have fallen. In response, farmers have beenforced either to bring increasingly marginal landsinto cultivation, or to migrate into tropical forestareas, exacerbating problems of land degradationand deforestation.Today’s agricultural systems are changing rapidlyand must be able to draw on a wide range ofhigher inputs and genetic resources in order todevelop harmoniously. Most countries of the Saheland mountainous East Africa will face severeproblems if new innovative inputs are not introducedinto food production. Ethiopia’s 1983147
African Water Development Report 2006population of 36 million will more than tripleto 112 million in 2025, forty-four million morethan it can feed with intermediate inputs. By2025, Nigeria’s population is projected to reach338 million, which will be 123 million in excessof its carrying capacity with intermediate inputs.Even with high inputs, Kenya’s lands can supportonly 51 million people a total that will be passedby 2010. By 2025, there may be 83 million Kenyans,with as many as 111 million before thepopulation reaches its plateau (Nana-Sinkam,1995).In the context of the general population pressure,the fast-growing urban centres in Africa,influenced mainly by rural migration, are makingheavy demands on the environment, as urbanresidents generally consume more resources thanrural dwellers, and generate large quantities ofsolid waste and sewage (table 6.9). Urbanizationbrings with it expansion of infrastructure whichin turn transforms part of the land surface intobuilt area (figure 6.12). In northern Africa, atleast 20 per cent and as much as 80 per cent ofthe urban solid wastes are disposed of by dumpingin open spaces. Rapid urbanization in Lagosincreased solid waste generation sixfold to about3.7 million tons a year in 1990, plus another half amillion tons of largely untreated industrial waste,because 90 per cent of the industries in Nigerialack pollution control facilities (UNEP Geo-2000, IMO 1995). The 1.3 million inhabitants ofLusaka produce 1 400 tons of solid waste daily,90 per cent of which is not collected owing to thevery poor staffing, finances and equipment of thelocal authority. As only 36 per cent of Lusaka’sresidents have sewerage services, most of the restuse pit latrines, a common situation throughoutAfrica (UNEP Geo-2000, Agyemang and others1997). The concentration of industries in ornear cities is also a major source of environmentalpollution and resource depletion. In 1994, thespill of toxic chemicals from a pulp and papercompany into the Usuthu river in Swazilandkilled many fish (UNEP Geo-2000, Mavimbela1995). In Mozambique, more than 126 factoriesin and around Maputo discharge their waste directlyinto the environment (UNEP Geo-2000,Couto 1995). In Tanzania, textile mills are reportedto release dyes, bleaching agents, alkalisand starch directly into Msimbazi Creek in Dares Salaam (UNEP Geo-2000, Bwathondi andothers 1991).Threats to environmental sustainabilityThe threat to environmental sustainability is duein part to failure to recognize the life-supportingfunctions of ecosystems (terrestrial and aquatic).In fact, the water quantity and quality requirementsof ecosystems are not normally takeninto account in the overall allocation of availablewater resources in much of Africa. Hencethe important role played by wetlands in manyrural economies (for the provision of highlyproductive agricultural land, dry season grazingfor migrant herd, fish, fuelwood, timber needsand medicines) have, until recently, not beenadequately recognized and reflected in nationalwater policies. As a result, such wetlands are increasinglybeing endangered by poor cultivation,deforestation and overgrazing.148
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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Page 154 and 155: Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 158 and 159: Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161: Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165: Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
Page 166 and 167: South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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Page 170 and 171: Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
Page 172: United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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