African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Annual freshwater withdrawals in East Africaare a small percentage of the total available,ranging from less than 3 per cent of the totalresources available in Burundi to 12 per cent inRwanda (UNEP 2002). For example, in Kenyaonly 33 per cent of the land area has adequateand dependable water, but this area is home to 70per cent of the population. The countries of CentralAfrica have the highest per capita availabilityof water (fig. 4.10) together with some countrieslike Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, Madagascarand Guinea from other subregions.In 1998, the annual withdrawal of freshwaterfor Central Africa was estimated to have beenless than 1 per cent of the total available (fig.4.11). However, the uneven distribution of waterresources, with respect to time and populationdistribution, has created challenges for watersupply. The traditional response to this challengehas been to dam rivers and to distribute water tothe people, rather than resettling people closerto water resources. Given the relatively high reliabilityof rainfall in this subregion, irrigation isnot always required, and the agricultural sectoronly consumes 33 per cent of all withdrawals,whereas the domestic sector accounts for morethan 50 per cent of all withdrawals (UNEP 2002,Shiklomanov 1999).FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICAFigure 4. 10: Water Availability Per Capita (1961-1990)• • •Water Availability per Person (1000m3)•• ••• •• •••• •CountrySource: Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, WaterGAP 2.1B, 2001 via ciesin.orgDespite efforts to provide water to municipalitiesin central Africa, there are significant shortfalls,for example, in Chad, where only 27 per centof the population has access to improved watersources. Demand for water in West Africa hasbeen steadily increasing in all sectors as a resultof population growth, commercial agriculturalexpansion, and industrial development. Currenttotal withdrawal of water for domestic, industrialand agricultural consumption is 11 km 3 /yr, anddemand for water from all sectors is expected toincrease to some 36 km 3 /yr by 2025 (fig.4.12).67
African Water Development Report 2006Fig. 4.11: Water Withdrawal as Percentage of Internal Water ResourcesAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotsw anaBurkinaBurundiCameroonCape VerdeC. AfricanChadCongoCongo, DemCôte d'IvoireDjiboutiEgyptEq. GuineaEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-KenyaLesothoLiberiaLibyaMadagascarMalaw iMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRw andaSenegalSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSudanSw azilandTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabw e0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000Source: World Resources Institute – Earth Trends. The Environmental Information Portal: http://earthtrends.wri.org/68
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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Page 25 and 26: African Water Development Report 20
Page 36: INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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