African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Table 10.2:Potential natural hazards in AfricaCountry Potential Natural Disasters1. Mayotte cyclones during rainy season2. Comoros cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); Le Kartala on Grand Comore is an active volcano3. Swaziland Drought4. Gambia Drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years)5. Ghana dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts6. Sierra Leone dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to February); sandstorms, dust storms7. Sudan dust storms and periodic persistent droughts8. Djiboutiearthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flashfloods9. Tanzania flooding on the central plateau and south-eastern coastal areas during the rainy season; drought10. Burundi flooding, landslides, drought11. Togo hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; periodic droughts12. Libyahot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall;dust storms, sandstorms13. Mauritania hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and April; periodic droughts14. Western Saharahot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists60% of time, often severely restricting visibility15. Guinea hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season16. Guinea-Bissau hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires17. Benin hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March18.Central AfricanRepublichot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are common19. Chad hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues20. Malihot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring droughts; occasional Niger Riverflooding21. Algeria mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season22. Lesotho Periodic droughtsCongo, Democratic Periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); in the east, in the Great Rift Valley, there are active23.Republic of the volcanoes24. Nigeria Periodic droughts; floodingPeriodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occursin spring; dust storms, sandstorms25. EgyptPeriodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country,26. Botswanawhich can obscure visibilityPeriodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic27. RwandaRepublic of the Congo28. Niger recurring droughts29. Burkina Faso recurring droughts30. Zimbabwe recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare31. Somalia recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; floods during rainy season32. Zambia tropical storms (November to April)33. Cameroon Volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes34. Saint Helena active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha35. Cote d’Ivoire coast has heavy surf and no natural harbours; during the rainy season torrential flooding is possible36. Liberia dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March)37. Eritrea Frequent droughts; locust swarmsMANAGING RISKS235
African Water Development Report 2006Table 10.2:Potential natural hazards in AfricaCountryPotential Natural Disasters38. Ethiopia geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts39. Seychelles lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible40. Angola locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau41. Senegal lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts42. Bassas da Indiamaritime hazard since it is usually under water during high tide and surrounded by reefs; subject to periodiccyclones43. Morocco Northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts44. Indian Ocean occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches45. Juan de Nova Island Periodic cyclones46. Madagascar Periodic cyclones47. Glorioso Islands Periodic cyclones48. South Africa prolonged droughts, floods49. Namibia prolonged periods of drought50. Kenya recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons51 Mozambique? Floods?Source: CIA World Factbook 2002 www.natiomaster.comof the arid parts of West Africa. Natural disastersand human-made disasters are often linked.A natural disaster such as drought is often aggravatedby certain food policies, or alternatively,a human-made disaster such as armed conflictcould again wreak havoc on the environment andcontribute to a natural disaster.Disasters Triggered by Natural HazardsThe majority of disaster incidents to whichthe Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance(OFDA) has responded in sub-Saharan Africasince 1970 were triggered by natural hazards.While natural disasters are responsible for only28 per cent of disaster-caused deaths, they accountedfor 57 per cent of all those affected bydisaster and 66 per cent of all disaster-causedhomelessness. The most common natural disastersin Africa are: drought, floods, cyclones, foodshortage, and pest infestations.Drought is the deadliest natural disaster. It accountsfor over three quarters of all those affectedby natural disasters and 98 per cent of disaster-relatedmortality. During the past ten years,three quarters of the droughts in the world haveoccurred in Africa. Drought is a condition of lifefor many residents of Africa, especially those ofthe Greater Horn region. The countries in Africareporting the highest frequency of drought include:Ethiopia, Chad, Botswana, Burkina Faso,Kenya, Mozambique and Mauritania.Other natural disasters in Africa such as infestations,floods and cyclones contribute to theoverall disaster burden in Africa. Of the greatestnumber of infestation incidents in the world,87 per cent have occurred in sub-Saharan Africasince 1970 but little mortality has resulted fromthem. Drought and infestation-caused crop failuresresult in weakened food security conditionsfor millions. As a result, from 1970 to 1994, nearly28 million Africans were recorded by OFDAas having experienced food shortages requiringinternational response. Floods also have affectedmillions of people, as have cyclones, storms andfires, but again, they account for a small numberof those affected and almost none of those wholost their lives. Natural disaster threats thereforeremain frequent in the region but are beingmuch more effectively managed by African peopleand the international community. They havebeen included in this discussion because so muchhas been learned about their management. The236
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
Page 264 and 265: Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Page 268 and 269: Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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