African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

MANAGING RISKSInterrelationships, reactions and interactionsamong climate, landforms and the socio-economicenvironment in a given physical milieudetermine the impact of flood and inundation onthe territory concerned. Floods are caused by eitherextreme precipitation events, changes in thedrainage channel morphology, environmentalchanges or a combination these factors. Droughtson the other hand are considered as non-eventscontrolled by regional or global large-scale atmosphericcirculations in response to environmentalconditions. The task before the scientific hydrologicalcommunity is how to accurately identifythe causative mechanisms of floods and droughtsin order to reduce the uncertainties inherent intheir prediction and forecasting, thus improvingpreparedness and ways of mitigating hazardsresulting from them. The traditional hydrologicalforecasting methods have been found to beinsufficient for forecasting flash floods and needto be augmented with advanced meteorologicalforecasting. Floods are carriers of large amountsof sediments which when combined with the hydraulicsof the flow could change the characteristicsof their channels and more often increase theflood peaks. Water-related hazards can also beinduced by certain water management practicessuch as flooding from dam breaches. Moreover,floods sometimes wash down into river systemspollutants that impair water quality, and persistentlow river flows reduce the self-purification ofrivers. Strong alternations of floods and droughtsintensify solute dynamics.The foregoing facts indicate that there is a need,on the part of geophysical scientists, to carry outresearch on appropriate actions to take, and ingood time, in the event of a climate change thatis accompanied by catastrophic occurrences. Thismeans building knowledge on these phenomenain order to develop early warning systems andcapability for timely and more accurate forecastsof their occurrence and magnitude, giving amplelead time for implementing mitigation interventions(Andah, 2002).MANAGING RISKSFig 10.1: Map of Africa showing showing various Climatic AreasSource: World Book, Inc., 2003229
African Water Development Report 2006Most African countries also experience extremesof rainfall (periodic flooding or drought). Thereis some evidence that both droughts and floodshave increased in frequency and severity over thepast 30 years (OFDA 2000). The Sahelian zone,in particular, is now experiencing a continued declinein rainfall compared to pre-1960s averages,and Lake Chad has shrunk to 5 per cent of itssize 35 years ago (NASA Global Earth ObservingSystem 2001). Severe droughts were experiencedin 1973 and 1984 when almost all Africancountries suffered reduced rainfall which particularlyaffected several million people in the Hornof Africa, the Sahel and Southern Africa.In contrast, the northern and eastern parts of Africaare subject to occasional floods, the most significantrecent example being in 1999–2000 whenexcessive rains affected Mozambique, Botswana,Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa, floodingsome 200 000 ha of cropland and affecting morethan 150 000 families. The estimated cost of recoveryis millions of US dollars (Mpofu 2000).Although the SADC Early Warning System wasable to predict the heavy rains, most of the countriesaffected were ill-prepared for the magnitudeand duration of the floods. The result was investigationand revision of response strategies.Rainfall Patterns over AfricaMost of Africa has a warm or hot climate, but thehumidity and amount of rainfall vary dramaticallyfrom area to area. Rainfall is distributedvery unevenly in Africa. Most areas receive eithertoo much or too little rain. In parts of thewest coast, for example, annual rainfall averagesmore than 100 inches (250 centimetres). In Monrovia,Liberia, an average of more than 40 inches(100 centimetres) of rain falls during the monthof June alone. In contrast, more than half of Africareceives less than 20 inches (50 centimetres)of rainfall yearly; the Sahara and the NamibianDesert receive an average of less than 10 inches(25 centimetres). In parts of the deserts, rainmay not fall for six or seven years in a row. Rainfalls throughout the year in the forests of theCongo Basin and the coastal regions of westernAfrica. But almost all the rest of Africa has oneor two seasons of heavy rainfall separated by dryperiods. In some regions of Africa, the amountof rainfall varies sharply from year to year ratherthan from season to season. Inter-annual variationscan be extremely high, and drought and/orflooding is common in most African countries.The cost of such extreme events runs into millionsof dollars every year, a price that many Af-Figure 10.2: Rainfall fluctuatins in Africa 1900-2000Sources:: FAO; http//www.unep.org/dewa/Africa230
Page 2 and 3:
AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
Page 4 and 5:
CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
Page 6 and 7:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
Page 8 and 9:
The African Water Development Repor
Page 10 and 11:
INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
Page 12:
WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
Page 15 and 16:
African Water Development Report 20
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 36:
INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 44 and 45:
INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47:
(i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49:
Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51:
Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53:
Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55:
Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57:
The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59:
Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61:
ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63:
FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65:
annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67:
Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69:
Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71:
Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73:
Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77:
Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79:
Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83:
Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85:
Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87:
The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89:
FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90:
Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 134 and 135:
PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137:
abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145:
Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147:
Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151:
Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
Page 152 and 153:
espective of the fact that some oth
Page 154 and 155:
Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 156 and 157:
past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159:
Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161:
Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163:
Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165:
Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
Page 166 and 167:
South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
Page 168 and 169:
of interdependent factors which adv
Page 170 and 171:
Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
Page 172:
United Nations Population Divison (
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188: African Water Development Report 20
Page 237: African Water Development Report 20
Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
Page 264 and 265: Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
Page 266 and 267: Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
Page 268 and 269: Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
Page 270 and 271: the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
Page 272 and 273: 1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
Page 274 and 275: countries in the southern portion o
Page 276 and 277: to manage water resources among rip
Page 278 and 279: non-payment of financial dues. Some
Page 280 and 281: Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
Page 282: Water Resources Management In Afric
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 308 and 309:
ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
Page 310 and 311:
polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
Page 312 and 313:
Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315:
The present day call for integrated
Page 316 and 317:
cipitation monitoring; determinatio
Page 318 and 319:
processes and situations or to an o
Page 320 and 321:
Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
Page 322 and 323:
The requisite enabling environment
Page 324 and 325:
African countries can obviously not
Page 326 and 327:
the science and technology of the s
Page 328 and 329:
Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
Page 330 and 331:
Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333:
(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335:
Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337:
Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 338 and 339:
particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341:
of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343:
The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
Page 344 and 345:
IWRM Course Participants according
Page 346 and 347:
5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
Page 348:
GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 368 and 369:
IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371:
Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373:
a regional framework for Africa as
Page 374:
Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379:
show all

African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?