African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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In the second phase of the program, the Addis Ababa Education Bureau, the Environmental Protection Authority,and the Sanitation, Beautification & Parks Development Agency are actively participating with AAWSA.No1.Planned ActivityPro-poor Water Governance and Follow-upInvestmentImplementing InstitutionPrimary ResponsibilityAAWSACollaboratorsWater Aid Eth, World Bank2. Water Demand management AAWSA Addis Ababa Education Bureau3.Urban Water Catchments Management4. Sanitation for the Urban Poor5.6.Water Education in Schools and CommunitiesAdvocacy, Awareness Raising and InformationExchangeAAWSASanitation, Beautification &Parks Development AgencyAddis Ababa EducationBureauAll Implementing InstitutesAddis Ababa EnvironmentalProtection AuthorityAddis Ababa Education BureauAAWSAAAWSASub - CitiesVALUING WATERContributed by: Eng Azeb Asnake, Research and Water Demand Management Dept., AAWSA, Addis AbabaPrivatization or Public-Private PartnershipsFor the proponents of market-oriented waterservices the first thing is the establishment ofagreements on what types of functions and decisionscan best be made and at what level. Thenext policy option is that of privatization. Thedrive towards privatization forces makes the followingquestions imperative: Which functionsshould be retained by government organizations,by constituencies (organized water users at certainlevels in the river basin), and which functionscan best be executed by private bodies andcompanies?Here it is expedient to distinguish the caretakerfunction of government from its productionfunction. The caretaker function is concernedwith safeguarding the national interests and assets,and may include monitoring water rights,providing storage, ensuring flood protection, undertakingmultipurpose works, monitoring waterquality, and ensuring catchment protection. Thiscaretaker function is a typical role of governmentnot suitable for privatization. The productionfunction may involve the provision of specificservices in such water sub-sectors as irrigationand drainage, water supply and sanitation andenergy. The production function may, in principle,be privatized; but only if the nature of thegood (or service) is prepared, and if there is nothreat of monopoly formation or other marketfailures. The experience so far with privatizationof water companies in a country such as the UKis not reassuring. In practice, it means that pureprivatization is rarely an option in water resourcesmanagement. “A greater role for the privatesector in many ways also requires a stronger rolefor government”. A better term for privatizationmay thus be “public-private partnership.” Mostarguments for involving the private sector inwater management activities are centred on theneed to improve delivery efficiency through theinfusion of private capital (Andah K. 2002).The level of unaccounted-for-water in most ofthe water supply distribution systems is veryhigh in almost all urban centres in Africa, ashigh as 50 per cent in some cases This loss hastwo main components: the physical water lossesand non-revenue losses. The task of recoveringthe unaccounted-for water and revenue has becomearduous in many countries due to lack ofcapital investment for modernization of the distributionnetwork and also for an effective meteringsystem. This situation has led to the call foreither private participation in or privatization ofthe water supply system as the ongoing debatesin Ghana amply testify (Andah K. 2002). The293
African Water Development Report 2006Ghana Water Company, after futile attempts atimproving the efficiency of the distribution networkwith World Bank support of about $US 6million, came to the conclusion that an urgentneed existed for capital investment that couldonly be found through private participation inwater distribution. There is, however, a strongopposition to this recommendation from somepolitical parties, NGOs and some sections of theurban population.It is now generally accepted that water is notonly an economic good but also a social good.This means that any new strategy must not onlybe based on pure economic and financial considerationsbut should also take account of theneed for equity and the basic needs of the poorand vulnerable and therefore recognising the intrinsicvalue of water. One of the bones of contentionin the Ghanaian debate regarding tariffsis on how to define the socially necessary waterdemand. While the NGOs prefer a geographicalapproach based on level of affluence, the officialsources opt for a fixed monthly volume of waterto be socially priced within a rising block tariffsystem. It must be noted that due to lack of dataon African residential households, this type oftariff system more often leads to the poor subsidizingthe more affluent households (AndahK. 2002). In the absence of an effective controland regulatory body for monitoring water supplyand sanitation provision by public and municipalinstitutions, the question arises as to which bodywould defend the poorer sections of the societyfrom a privatized system.Sustainable Water Use in AfricaAs said earlier, the value of water becomes complexwhen viewed from an African perspective,where modern economic values are interspersedwith traditional values and, more importantly,from a socio-economic point of view. Two cardinalissues of sustainable development of Africaconcern: (a) universal access to safe drinking waterand sanitation and food security and (b) theirattendant impacts of health burden and famine.It must be emphasised that, in Africa, the lack ofaccess to and control over water is both a primaryindicator and a primary cause of poverty. Fromthese emerge various value perspectives whichhave to be taken into consideration when consideringsustainable use of water in Africa, including,as Jack Moss el al. (2003) outlines:(a) The environmental value of healthy aquaticecosystems and the things that depend onthem such as fisheries, tourism, recreation,survival of all species including humans;(b) The social values of water the substance,water resources, and water services. This includessub-categories such as the value ofuniversal water supply service (100 per centcoverage) or subsidized water supplies forthe poor. These issues are also clearly relatedto the concept of a human right to water;(c) The value of public health which, in Africa,becomes an intersection between the socialand economic values of water and, thereforecentral to social and economic developmentand the quality of human life;(d) Economic values such as operational andallocational efficiency as regards wastage inwater supply and irrigation;(e) The value of water in production and productuse, especially for water-dependent industriesand agriculture;(f ) The value of low-priced water (and otherbasic services) to politicians whose re-electionor continuation in power depends onthe perception that they are serving theirconstituencies.(g) Values relating to gender.This calls for bridging the value divide betweenthose who by valuing efficiency over equity tendto support development of water markets andthose who by valuing equity more tend to opposeextension of water markets. In Africa, when waterthe substance is readily available and agriculture,domestic and other water uses are economicallyefficient, the resultant improvement in foodsecurity and public health would go a long way294
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 251 and 252: African Water Development Report 20
Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Page 266 and 267: Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
Page 268 and 269: Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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