African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

This recalls the role of national water commissions,boards or authorities, in other words, theConsultative Council on Water in the case of theCongo (Table 15.1).Towards an Effective InstitutionalFramework for Water ManagementGiven the complexity and multi-disciplinary natureof water resources management and planningworsened by the problems of pollution and environmentaldegradation a centralized institutionalstructure is required for an effective and integratedmanagement of water and land resources.What is important about centralization is the factthat it helps this type of management as it facilitatescoordination or execution of projects.Water resources planning and administration ispart of national economic planning and activitiesand should include national water managementinstitutions whose responsibilities must include:(a) Unifying perceptions about national waterconcerns and interests to allow for adjustmentsin the legal and institutional framework;(b) Establishing a national framework for watermanagement, including evaluation andcontrol that can allow regional and nationalprogrammes to be carried out bearing inmind national socio-economic and environmentalobjectives;(c) Changing rules and procedures for programmingwater management activities;(d) Provision of estimates on water supply anddemand and forecasting needs and problems;(e) Creation of conditions for efficient and effectivewater resources management at alllevels, especially the lowest levels;(f ) Setting up of administrative and coordinatingmechanisms to deal with inter-regionaland international water management problems;(g) Coordination and promotion of nationalinformation, research, and training programmesfor information and technologytransfer; and(h) Participation, when necessary, in the executionof regional and/or river basin projectsor programmes.GOVERNING WATER WISELYTable 15.2: Organisational Structure of Water Institutions in EthiopiaInstitutionMinistry of Water Resources(MOWR)River Basin AuthoritiesRegional Water BureausCompetenceEstablished as the highest water organ in 1995, this ministry has the power and duty to optimisethe allocation and use of trans-regional water. It drafts laws for its protection and use; issuespermits to construct, operate and regulate waterworks; conducts water tariff studies and collectsbulk charges; underta kes studies for the use of transboundary waters and monitors their implementation;prepares plans for the proper use of water resources and for monitoring implementation;provides necessary assistance in water resources development; signs international agreementsin relation to transboundary rivers; prepares water quality standards for various purposes;and undertakes supervision to ensure that meteorological services are adequate.River Basin Authorities are to be established in due time and will take over all the duties of planningand management of water resources within the various river basins.For the Awash River Basin, which is the most developed, an agency called “Awash Basin WaterResources Administration Agency” was established in 1998 to coordinate, administer, allocateand regulate the use of the surface water resources of the Awash River Basin.With the new Federal Government system, water supply activities and small-scale irrigation havebeen decentralized and handed over to regional states. The regional states have their “RegionalWater Bureaus”, which are responsible for all their individual water activitiesExtracted from AWDR National Report, 2005351
African Water Development Report 2006For countries with decentralized institutionalframeworks as referred to in table 15.2, recentexperience shows that water management tendsto be most efficient if regional agencies operatewithin the limits of water basins and are maderesponsible for regional water planning and forthe administration of both water resources andwater services. There are three broad categoriesof administrative agencies in water basins andthe classification is based on their terms of referenceand functions, as follows:(a) Those with only planning and coordinationauthority;(b) Those with coordination and finance responsibilities;and(c) Those with powers to draw up developmentplans execute them and operate the systemswithin the basin.River basin management in Africa seems to bebased on specific sectoral focuses, as in the caseof the Volta River Authority in Ghana, dominatedby hydropower generation, and the AwashBasin Authority in Ethiopia, with predominanceof irrigation (Andah, 2002c). It is important toemphasize that in Africa, the presence and powersof purely regional water agencies, if they exist,are very limited as water resources are oftenunder national control and use. However, thereare a wide variety of functions for regional institutionswhich makes it necessary to consider thefollowing recommendations:1. The national water institution should havethe necessary authority to guide, integrateand coordinate efficiently all water resourcesactivities at the regional and basin levels,bringing together all sectoral interests inwater management.2. The institutional relationship between regionalor water basin agencies and the nationalauthority must be well defined. Inorder to facilitate gradual integration ofwater management into the managementof the environment, a close link must be establishedbetween water resources managementand general regional planning.The characteristics and jurisdiction of the waterbasin agencies and their responsibilities to waterusers must be defined in a legal and administra-Box 15.8Legal Basis for IWRM in ZimbabweThe Water Act of 1998 which replaced the 1976 legislation was drafted after a long process of stakeholder involvement. Severalconsultative workshops at the local, provincial and national levels were conducted to capture the views of stakeholders. Thedrafting of the 1998 Water Act was guided by the following principles which incorporate the Dublin Principles and those of theAfrica Water Vision:1. Ownership of all surface and ground water is vested in the State.2. Stakeholders have to be involved in decision-making during water resources planning and management.3 Water resources planning and management have to be undertaken on a catchment or river basin level, and not using politicalor administrative units. Surface water and groundwater were regarded as part of a single hydrological system/cycle, and thereshould not be a distinction in the management of water irrespective of the state in which it water occurs.4. Water resources planning and management has to be environmentally sustainable, and the environment is a legitimate userof water.5. There has to be equity in terms of access to water by all water users.6. Water prices have to be based on the user pays and polluter pays principle, and water prices have to socially acceptable tothe different water users.7. Water is an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.By adopting the Dublin Principles, and those of the Africa Water Vision in reforming the legislation, Zimbabwe can be consideredas having achieved one of the targets of creating a legal and institutional framework aimed at achieving equitable distributionof water.352
Page 2 and 3:
AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
Page 4 and 5:
CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
Page 6 and 7:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
Page 8 and 9:
The African Water Development Repor
Page 10 and 11:
INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
Page 12:
WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
Page 15 and 16:
African Water Development Report 20
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 36:
INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 44 and 45:
INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47:
(i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49:
Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51:
Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53:
Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55:
Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57:
The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59:
Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61:
ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63:
FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65:
annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67:
Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69:
Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71:
Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73:
Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77:
Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79:
Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83:
Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85:
Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87:
The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89:
FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90:
Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 134 and 135:
PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137:
abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145:
Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147:
Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151:
Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
Page 152 and 153:
espective of the fact that some oth
Page 154 and 155:
Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 156 and 157:
past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159:
Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161:
Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163:
Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165:
Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
Page 166 and 167:
South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
Page 168 and 169:
of interdependent factors which adv
Page 170 and 171:
Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
Page 172:
United Nations Population Divison (
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 262 and 263:
SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
Page 264 and 265:
Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
Page 266 and 267:
Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
Page 268 and 269:
Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
Page 270 and 271:
the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
Page 272 and 273:
1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
Page 274 and 275:
countries in the southern portion o
Page 276 and 277:
to manage water resources among rip
Page 278 and 279:
non-payment of financial dues. Some
Page 280 and 281:
Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
Page 282:
Water Resources Management In Afric
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 308 and 309:
ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
Page 310 and 311: polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
Page 316 and 317: cipitation monitoring; determinatio
Page 318 and 319: processes and situations or to an o
Page 320 and 321: Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
Page 322 and 323: The requisite enabling environment
Page 324 and 325: African countries can obviously not
Page 326 and 327: the science and technology of the s
Page 328 and 329: Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 338 and 339: particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
Page 344 and 345: IWRM Course Participants according
Page 346 and 347: 5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
Page 348: GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
Page 351 and 352: African Water Development Report 20
Page 359: African Water Development Report 20
Page 368 and 369: IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371: Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373: a regional framework for Africa as
Page 374: Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
Page 379: African Water Development Report 20
show all

African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?