African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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The problem of wastewater disposal is as importantas that of water supply in many urbanareas. The discarding of wastewater and other refusefrom large urban centres in both developedand developing states has a negative impact on awider range of ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems,from where urban areas obtain their water, eitherdirectly or indirectly, have severe impacts on thesupply of water to urban populations.the increasing use of fertilisers in African countriesin the period 1999-2001.These areas sometimes also have the lowest grossnational product (GNP), which is a limiting factoron capital needed for wastewater treatment.Wastewater can be handled in a number of ways:Treatment measures from developed States canbe applied by developing countries. It can alsobe recycled for reuse in urban areas, as is theFigure 4.19: Dynamics of African Population Growth by SubregionFRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICA2003 2025 2050Mid-Year Population700 000600 000500 000400 000300 000200 000100 0000Eastern Africa Middle Africa Northern Africa Southern Africa Western AfricaSub RegionSource: World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision. New York: UN Secretariat, 2003Not only do they raise the cost of purification, butwaterborne diseases may also threaten the healthof those who live near water sources in urban areas.These people usually live in shantytowns inlarge cities in developing States, and quite closeto rivers and streams from which they draw theirdaily water. It is not uncommon to hear abouta cholera outbreak on the periphery of cities indeveloping states, where most of these townshipsare located. This occurred in 2001, in Alexandra, atownship near the Johannesburg City Center (R.Meissner, 2002). Wastewater creates the greatestproblem where the population of an urban areagrows most rapidly, particularly in the developingworld. One of the sources of pollution is thewashing of fertiliser residues from agriculturalproduction into water bodies. Figure 4.20 showscase in Windhoek, the capital city of Namibia,which has been recycling wastewater for urbanuse since the mid-1960s. Wastewater can also bepartially treated and used in the agricultural (Israel)and industrial sectors (ibid). The interrelationshipbetween population growth and globaland regional water resources is of such a naturethat demography does not only affect the quantityof water but also on its quality. The morepeople there are the less the water available perperson. There might even be less freshwater infuture if policies and initiatives are not proposedand implemented to address the matter of pollutionwithin the context of global and regionalwater resources even though the present levels ofchemical pollution are still low (fig.4.20).77
African Water Development Report 2006Figure 4.20: Industrial Organic Pollutants Per Available FreshwaterIndustrial Pollutants MT BOD121086420TunisiaAlgeriaMoroccoSouth AfricaEgyptKenyaCountrySenegalZimbabweBotswanaEthiopiaCote d'IvoireCameroonSource: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2001, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001 (for BODemissions)and Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Water Gap 2.1, 2000 (for data on waterquantity)Figure 4.23: Renewable Water Resources by Country in Africa (all figures in km 3 /yr.)78
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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Page 36: INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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Page 44 and 45: INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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