African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Services in EgyptWith a population of 70 million and a cultivable/habitable area of only 40,000 km2 (4% of its territory), Egypt isone the most densely populated countries in the world. Increasing the inhabited area to 25% of the territory putsa heavy strain on the available water resources. For its water resources, Egypt is extremely dependent on the RiverNile. Fossil groundwater is available only in parts of the desert. As a rough global indicator of water sufficiency ifthe annual amount of water available per capita is less than 1000 m3 /cap/yr, water scarcity occurs. In Egypt thiscritical value was reached by 1997. Water availability now stands at 950 m3/capita and with an expected populationgrowth to 83 million in 2017, this will decrease to 720 m3/capita, which indicates a relatively high level ofscarcity.Agriculture is the main activity of a large portion of the Egyptian population. The agricultural sector consumes about85% of the total available water resources. Irrigated agriculture accounts for 95% of net water use. Agriculturerepresents 17% of GDP and 40% of the labour force. Present cropping intensity of 1.93 harvest/year may dropto 1.5 in 2017. Efficiency of water use at the field level can be improved, but only up to a limit, as water is neededfor leaching of salts. Irrigation is highly efficient on basin scale through intensive reuse of drainage water, which leadsto a deteriorating water quality downstream.FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICAPotable water reaches about 97% of the population, although for 25% the supply may be only for a few hours oreven per week. Only 70% of the urban and 10% of the rural population is served by sewerage and sanitation. Thepopulation growth and small habitable area leads not only to a concentration of population in large cities, but alsoto a strong urbanization of the rural areas. The declining role of agriculture is compensated for by an increasing roleof industry. Urbanization and industrialization pose a real threat to the quality of surface and groundwater.The deterioration of water quality is becoming a main water management issue: it is a health hazard and it reducesthe availability of freshwater downstream. The environmental and ecological water demand is severely threatenedby the decrease in available water and the deterioration of water quality. The expansion of urban areas andagricultural land encroach on fragile habitats. Also, the development of new, but marginal lands in a vulnerableenvironment requires careful integrated planning. It may lead to environmental land degradation as is witnessed inthe closed basins.Table 4.6: Renewable Water Resources in CameroonNature of resourcesValueTotal internal renewable water resources (km 3 /year) 271.0Total external renewable water resources (km 3 /year) 12.5Total renewable water resources (km 3 /year) 283.5Dependency ratio (%) 4.4Source: AWDR National Report59
African Water Development Report 2006Table 4.7: Synthesis of Water Resources Assessment in the Northern SubregionCountry P AP ERI ESRst ESRs TER POP POT DEP MOBmmkm3/yearkm3/yearkm3/yearkm3/yearkm3/year Mill. m3/hab/year %Algeria 89 211,50 15,15 2,70 12,35 15,15 32 473 3 8Egypt 51 51,37 9.00 7.5 1,50 63.00 68 926 97 49,7Libya 56 98,53 0,60 0,40 0,20 0,60 5.6 107 0 0,635Mauritania 92 94,66 0,40 0,30 0,10 7,40 2.7 2741 96 -km3/yearMorocco 346 154,68 29,00 10,00 22,00 29,00 30 967 0 20Sudan 417 1043,67 30,00 4,00 26,00 30,00 33.5 896 77 -Tunisia 313 51,26 4,85 2,15 2,70 4,56 10 456 9 3,6Total 1705 89 27.05 64.85 149.71 181.8 825P:Average rainfall AP: Rainfall volume ERI : Internal renewable water ESRst: Internal renewable ground warter ESRs: Internal renewable surfacewater TER: Total renewable water MOB : Total mobilizable waterTable 4.8 : Renewable Water Resources the Northern SubregionRenewable waterresources (Mm3)Part in subregion(%)Source :AWDR National Report, 2005MauritaniaMoroccoAlgéria Tunisia Libya Egypt Sudan Total7400 29000 15150 4560 600 63000 30000 1497105% 20% 10% 3% 0,4% 42% 20% 100%60
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
Page 17 and 18: African Water Development Report 20
Page 36: INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 44 and 45: INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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