African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Table 7.6: Production Characteristics of City Water Utilities in some African CountriesCountryUtilityWaterCoverage%WaterProductionlpcdWaterProductionm3/c/mUnaccountedFor Water%Total WaterConsumptionm3/c/mUnaccountedFor Waterm3/conn/dMeteringLevel%Benin SBEE 36.94% 23.15 24.56 100.00% 0.27Benin SBEE 37.99% 25.33 24.08 100.00% 0.27Burkina Faso ONEA 18.83% 32.24 45.01 34.86 22.57% 0.33 100.00% 0.44Burkina Faso ONEA 18.90% 27.70 37.65 36.52 3.00% 0.04 99.99% 0.57Burkina Faso ONEA 18.97% 33.64 44.72 35.93 19.66% 0.29 100.00%Cote d’Ivoire SODECI 36.54% 58.89 28.79 27.01 6.17% 0.06 100.00%Cote d’Ivoire SODECI 37.82% 58.70 28.50 24.98 12.37% 0.12 100.00%Cote d’Ivoire SODECI 39.34% 56.67 27.74 23.04 16.94% 0.15 100.00%Morocco ONEP 48.89% 120.03 107.62 97.87 9.06% 0.32 100.00% 0.03Morocco ONEP 49.48% 125.09 101.27 91.11 10.04% 0.33 100.00% 0.03PipeBreaksbreaks/km/yrMorocco ONEP 52.00% 120.39 99.62 89.88 9.78% 0.32 100.00% 0.05WIND-Namibia100.00% 290.76 45.18 41.01 9.23% 0.14 100.00% 0.06HOEKWIND-Namibia100.00% 231.64 36.67 32.56 11.21% 0.14 100.00% 0.05HOEKWIND-Namibia100.00% 194.00 31.55 27.33 13.38% 0.14 100.00% 0.06HOEKNigeria KdSWB 35.00% 122.52 85.44 40.16 53.00% 1.49 3.13%Nigeria KdSWB 35.00% 119.81 81.36 46.45 42.91% 1.15 3.79%Nigeria KtSWB 17.59% 60.76 70.93 52.70 25.69% 0.60 1.05%Nigeria KtSWB 17.73% 59.94 65.67 52.89 19.46% 0.42 0.95%Senegal SDE 46.28% 69.85 34.94 24.45 30.03% 0.35 100.00% 7.08Senegal SDE 46.29% 65.65 31.57 22.71 28.06% 0.29 100.00% 8.24RANDSouth Africa94.74% 313.85 80,446.32 80446.32 0.00% 0.00 100.00% 0.04WATERRANDSouth Africa94.87% 266.86 70,302.75 70302.75 0.00% 0.00 100.00% 0.04WATERRANDSouth Africa95.00% 278.88 75,452.56 75452.56 0.00% 0.00 100.00% 0.02WATERTogo RNET 30.70% 66.81 55.16 39.88 27.70% 0.50 100.00%Togo RNET 29.47% 67.47 54.65 41.42 24.21% 0.43 100.00% 2.53Togo RNET 28.59% 58.14 46.25 34.61 25.16% 0.38 100.00% 3.15WATER AND URBAN ENVIRONMENTSSource: http://www.iwa.hq.org.uk/IWA performance indicators.htmThe use of percentages to express real losses is nowalso recognized internationally as being potentiallymisleading when used as a measure of the efficiencyof managing real losses (leakage and overflows)from distribution systems with differentlevels of consumption (Asnake Berhane, 2003).The simple traditional Technical PerformanceIndicators for Real Losses most widely usedto make comparisons of the annual volume ofReal Losses are, as O&M Working Group, 2002maintains, expressed:(a) As a % of Input Volume;(b) As a figure per length of mains per day orhour;(c) As a figure per service connection per dayor hour;(d) As a figure per property per day or hour;and(e) As a figure per length of system per day orhour,(Where length of system = length of mains+ length of service connections up to thepoint of customer metering).It is important to note that “number of connections”should be used, rather than “number of173
African Water Development Report 2006properties”. This is because the Real Losses occuron service connection, and it is not unusual forthe service connection to split into several separatepipes serving individual properties at or afterthe first metering point. The Water Loss TaskForce of the International Water Association(IWA) has recommended that percentages areunsuitable for assessing the efficiency of managementof real losses in distribution systems(Alegre, H et al., 2000).Technical Indicator for Real Losses(TIRL)The IWA Task Force recommended that the basicTIRL should be the annual volume of RealLosses divided by the number of service connections(NC), allowing for the percentage of theyear for which the system is pressurized, i.e.TIRL = Current Annual Volume of Real Losses/Nc(Litres/service connection/day when thesystem is pressurized)A more detailed interpretation of TIRL valuescan be obtained by comparing the TIRL valuewith a best estimate of Unavoidable Average RealLosses (UARL) that allows for local conditionsof connections density, location of customers andaverage operating pressure, if all aspects of leakagecontrol were being managed to the highesttechnical standards (Alegre, H et al., 2000).Unavoidable Average Real Losses(UARL)It is recommended that the calculation of theUARL in litres/service connection/day be basedon the following equation (Alegre, H et al.,2000):UARL = (A* Lm/Nc + B + C * Lp/Nc) * P(Litres/service connection/day when the systemis pressurized)The equation and its parameters, A, B, C, arebased on a statistical analysis of internationaldata, including 27 different water supply systemsin 20 countries. As a result, the IWA Task Forcefor Operation and Maintenance Work fixed appropriatevalues for A (18), B (0.80) and C (25).This approach recognizes the separate influencesof Real Losses from length of mains (Lm in km),number of service connections (Nc), total lengthof service connections from the edge of the streetto the customer meters (Lp in km), and averagepressure (P in meters) when the system is pressurized.A schematic table for estimating UARLis given in table 7.7.Possible Application: Apart from its relative advantageover the traditional unaccounted for waterin differentiating the Infrastructure technical lossesfrom the economic losses, these performanceindicators could also be used in formulating contractsfor private participation in the managementof urban water distribution systems.Table 7.7: Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL) in litres/service connection/day forcustomer meters located at the edge of streetDensity of Connections Average Operating Pressure (P in Meters)Nc/Lm (per Km mains)20 40 60 80 10020 34 68 112 146 17040 25 50 75 100 12560 22 44 66 88 11080 21 41 62 82 103100 20 39 59 78 98Source: http://www.iwa.hq.org.uk/IWA performance indicators.htmNote: where customer meters are located on underground pipes with an average length of ‘M’ meters per service connections after the edge of the street,add the term [0.025*M*P] litres/service connection/day to table 2 values, where P is the average operating pressure in meters.174
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137: abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145: Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
Page 152 and 153: espective of the fact that some oth
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Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159: Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161: Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165: Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
Page 166 and 167: South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
Page 168 and 169: of interdependent factors which adv
Page 170 and 171: Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
Page 172: United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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