African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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(d) Energy pooling through development ofcross-border gas pipeline networks;(e) Promotion of cross-border energy tradethrough expansion of oil pipeline networks;and(f ) Promoting regional cooperation in selectedoverarching issues.The Southern African Development Community(SADC) Energy Protocol which wasapproved in 1996 and has already entered intoforce commits member States to cooperate andharmonize their national and regional energystrategies, policies and programmes on the basisof common interest. Annex 1 of the Protocolprovides that the SADC Energy CooperationPolicy and Strategy in support of SADC regionalintegration and socio-economic developmentencompasses, among other things, energy trade,integrated resource planning, energy efficiencyand conservation, pricing and demand-side management,NGO and private sector involvement,training and organizational capacity building, researchand development, energy investment andfunding, environment, and collection/processingand dissemination of information and experience.An Energy Sector Action Plan has beendeveloped to implement the SADC CooperationPolicy and Strategy (ECA-ARIA, 2003).The energy objectives of the Economic Communityof West African States (ECOWAS)include cooperation in the coordination andharmonization of member States’ national policiesand programmes. In December 1999, theAuthority of Heads of State and Governmentof ECOWAS approved a master plan for thedevelopment of energy production facilities, theinterconnection of electricity grids of memberStates and the establishment of the West AfricanPower Pool (WAPP).This plan includes:(a) Development of new hydroelectric damsites;(b) Construction or rehabilitation of thermalpower plants;(c) Interconnection of national electricitygrids;(d) Implementation of the West African GasPipeline (WAGP) Project; and(e) Development and implementation of a regionalrenewable energy programme.(ECA-ARIA, 2003)The West African Economic and MonetaryUnion (UEMOA) Council of Energy Ministers,at its first meeting held in Bamako, Maliin April 1997, reshaped, in a “Common EnergyProgramme,” the objectives for energy cooperationas provided for in the Additional Protocol IIto the Treaty establishing UEMOA, which are,among others, to “ensure the security of energysupplies of member States, and ensure the optimalmanagement of energy resources throughsystematic interconnection of electricity gridsand the promotion of new and renewable energies”.Since UEMOA member States are alsoECOWAS members, it was deemed necessary toharmonize the energy policies and programmesof the two RECs. Thus, the UEMOA Councilof Energy Ministers adopted the “UEMOACommon Energy Policy” at its meeting held inOuagadougou, Burkina Faso, in November 2001(ECA-ARIA, 2003).The East African Community’s (EAC) objectivesfor the energy sector include adoption of policiesand mechanisms to promote efficient exploitation,development, joint research and utilization of variousenergy resources available within the region.EAC member States have agreed to cooperatein promoting the development and transmissionof electric power, the development of integratedpolicies on rural electrification, and the interconnectionof their electricity grids. A Committeeon Energy has been established within the EACinstitutional framework and is preparing an EastAfrican Energy Master Plan covering the threekey areas of power, fossil fuels, and new and renewablesources of energy. The World Bank hassecured funding for the preparation of an EACPower Master Plan (ECA-ARIA, 2003).HARNESSING ENERGY FOR DEVELOPMENT225
African Water Development Report 2006Although UMA does not have specific energyrelatedobjectives, it has endorsed a policy thaturges cooperation among member States in energydevelopment and mineral resources management.Given the importance of the energysector in the economies of UMA countries, in1990, the energy ministers of UMA countriescreated committees with the aim of developingand strengthening integration efforts. In 1995,the General Planning and Energy ConservationCommittee, in cooperation with the EuropeanCommission, commissioned a study on “EnergyPlanning in UMA Countries”. This studyshowed the importance of energy integration,particularly in electricity generation, betweenUMA countries and stressed the need for moreinformation exchange and the introduction ofregulatory measures to enhance integration inthe energy sector with the aim of establishing aMaghreb Energy Market (ECA-ARIA, 2003).Joint development of hydropower projects andhydro projects with regional dimension is an ideathat is catching on. The objective of regional cooperationthrough joint development of hydropowerprojects is shared by a number of countrieswithin the different RECs. However, feware the projects that can be considered as havingbeen jointly developed by two or more countries.These according to ECA-ARIA (2003) include:(a) Kariba South Power Station in the SADCregion between Zambia and Zimbabwe,with a total installed capacity of 666 MWwhich is being upgraded to 750 MW;(b) Ruzizi II Hydroelectric Station in the EconomicCommunity of the Great LakesCountries (CEPGL) between Burundi,Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic ofthe Congo, with a total installed capacityof 40 MW (the third 13.5 MW unit is currentlybeing installed);(c) Nangbéto Hydropower Station of the CommunautéElectrique du Benin (CEB) comprisedof Benin and Togo in the ECOW-AS/UEMOA region with a total installedcapacity of 65 MW; and(d) Manantali Hydropower Project of the SenegalRiver Basin Development Organization(OMVS) in the ECOWAS region betweenMali, Mauritania and Senegal, witha total installed capacity of 200 MW.Although some hydropower projects were carriedout with the prime objective of meetingenergy requirements at the national level, theyhave proved to be playing an important role incross-border electricity trade on the subregionalenergy scene. This has been the case for:(a) Uganda’s Owen Falls Dam, which has beensupplying power to Kenya’s grid since 1958,and which expanded electricity supply toBukoba in northwestern Tanzania in theEAC region in 1993, and more recently toRwanda in the CEPGL region;(b) Ghana’s Akosombo Hydropower Stationwhich has been supplying electricity to thegrids of Benin and Togo through the CEBand to Côte d’Ivoire in the ECOWAS/UE-MOA region;(c) Inga I & II Hydropower Stations in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, whichhave been supplying electricity to CongoBrazzaville in the CEMAC region and toZimbabwe through Zambia in the SADCregion;(d) Ruzizi I Hydropower Station in easternDemocratic Republic of the Congo whichhas been supplying electricity to Bujumburain Burundi and to Rwanda in the CEPGLregion;(e) Mozambique’s Cahora Bassa HydroelectricDam which was initially built by the PortugueseGovernment to supply bulk power toSouth Africa, but has expanded its electricitysupply to Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique;and(f ) Nigeria’s Kainji Hydropower Station, whichhas been supplying electricity to the Nigerin the ECOWAS region.226
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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