African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Case Study: Sediment Control andAquatic Weeds in the Nile Basin – IntegratedWatershed ManagementNeededAt present, a limited number of sediment monitoringstations are operating. These are at ElDeim, Wad Alais and Sennar on the Blue Nileand, Gawisi and Hawata on rivers Dinder andRahad, respectively. The high sediment loads ofthe Main Nile, Blue Nile and Atbara rivers havea major influence on the design and operation ofany river control and storage works on these rivers.The sediment which originates in the Ethiopianhighlands is concentrated during the floodseason, which lasts from about July to October.The highest sediment concentrations occur onthe rising flood from about late July to the firstten days of August.It can be noted from table 6.11 that there is ahuge reduction in the original capacities of thereservoir in the Sudan due to sedimentation.This is because rain in the Ethiopian highlandsfalls on bare lands at the beginning of the rainyseason in July, and brings high sedimentationload before the maximum runoff occurs in thearea. The Sennar has lost 66 per cent, the Girba60 per cent and the Roseires 30 per cent. FiguresProtecting Ecosystems in AfricaTable 6.11: Sudan’s Water Storage CapacityDAM Date of commissionRiver Ci Cg Vg Purpose of storageMm 3 Mm 3 Mm 3Sennar 1925 Blue Nile 930 370 560 Irrigation & powerElGirba 1966 Atbra 1300 560 740 Irrigation & powerRoseires 1964 Blue Nile 3354 2227 1127 Irrigation & powerJebelAuilia 1937 White Nile 3500 3500 - Irrigation & powerTOTAL 9084 6657 2427C i= original storage capacity, C g= present storage capacity, V g= Volume of sediment deposits.Source: AWDR National Report; Ahmed,2005Fig. 6.14: Comparison of Rainfall, Discharge and Sediment Yield in the Blue NileFig. 6.14: Comparison of Rainfall, Discharge and Sediment Yield in the Blue NileSource: AWDR National Report, 2005Source: AWDR National Report, 2005153
African Water Development Report 2006Table 6.12: Sediment Concentration entering Gezira main Canal (1995 – 2002) (ppm)Period 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 AvergJunII 178 - - - 286 216 - - 227JunIII 331 - 1677 582 551 504 1345 - 832Jul I 1656 2549 1634 1460 1653 1064 1764 1879 1707JulII 2660 6219 2560 7986 6356 6578 3348 7694 5638JulIII 2508 2856 5464 6488 7728 6556 8251 9089 6120AugI 2925 4831 3155 4857 4831 4725 4892 8904 4890AugII 2865 5168 4156 5331 5130 6220 5489 7681 5255AugIII 2738 4162 2748 6017 4233 5045 3422 3767 4017Sep I 2142 1690 239 2472 3248 1765 3207 645 1926Sep II 1012 860 215 2863 1765 1935 1454 607 1400Sep III 281 237 51 1707 533 640 478 122 527Oct I 293 158 21 531 292 244 134 69 247OctII 285 - - 218 476 386 100 36 217Oct III - - - 186 - 210 - 45 147Sources: AWDR National Report, 2005; Hydraulics Research Station , Min. of Irrigation and Water Resources, Sudan6.14 and 6.15 show the comparison between thedischarge and sediment concentrations of theBlue Nile and the Atbara River basins, respectively.It is clear that in both graphs, the sedimentpeak occurs before the peak of the flow bymore than one week for the Atbara and abouttwo weeks for the Blue Nile.The Hydraulics Research Station (HRS) ofMIWR carried out sediment concentration anddischarge measurements in several locations ofthe Gezira scheme canal system and concludedthat 5 per cent of the sediment settled in theTable 6.13: Sediment Concentration in Managil Main Canal (1995 – 2002) (ppm)Period 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 AverJunII 218 - - 256 255 233 - - 240JunIII 345 - 1650 622 645 503 1634 - 900Jul I 1482 2448 1835 1493 1519 1059 1670 1849 1669JulII 1455 5216 5328 5434 4918 6380 3258 6446 4808JulIII 2655 5007 5309 4847 7898 6259 6756 8099 5854AugI 2803 4272 3565 4802 5070 5422 4639 8894 4933AugII 2845 4839 3960 4522 4981 5769 5126 6622 4833Aug III 2731 3215 2292 4319 4010 4341 3325 3698 3491Sep I 2304 1472 355 2304 3047 1851 2770 597 1838Sep II 988 583 312 1928 1609 1636 1338 440 1104Sep III 237 158 138 1559 486 639 429 200 481Oct I 176 - 81 456 167 211 110 98 185Oct II 107 - 38 321 326 262 130 39 175Oct III - - - 227 419 199 - 60 226Sources: AWDR National Report, 2005; Hydraulics Research Station, Min. of Irrigation and Water Resources, Sudan154
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 111 and 112: African Water Development Report 20
Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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