African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem AreasAlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeC. African RepChadComorosCongoCongo, Dem RepCôte d'IvoireDjiboutiEgyptEq. GuineaEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaLibyaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRéunionRwandaSaint HelenaSao Tome &SenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSudanSwazilandTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabwe0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000Protecting Ecosystems in AfricaEcosystem AreasSource: World Resource Institute; Loveland el al. 2000Groundwater Ecosystems in the CongoGeological characterization of the four mainaquifer systems within the Congolese territoryare roughly distributed as follows (AWDR NationalReport, 2003):(a) Aquifers of the coastal sedimentary basin(Secondary, tertiary and quaternary): 6,000km2;(b) Aquifers of the sedimentary basin of theCongo River (Secondary, tertiary and quaternary):224,000 km2;(c) Aquifers of the series of old sedimentary(Upper precambrian) rocks: 68,000 km2;(d) Aquifers of the crystalline and schistosecrystalline (Middle and lower precambrian)rocks: 44,000 km2129
African Water Development Report 2006Table 6.2: Water Balance of Large Aquifer Systems in the CongoAquifer Systems P (mm) ETR (mm) P-ETR Ie (mm) Kr (%)Coastal sedimentary basinContinental lands of the CongolesedepressionOld sedimentary seriesCrystalline and schistose crystallinerocks128017641510185789511021038Depletion of Water Resources ThroughHuman ActionAvailable resources are being depleted throughhuman action which reduce their quality as wellas quantity. Water contamination is rife across thecontinent and result from industrial pollution,poor sanitation practices, discharges of untreatedsewage, throwing of solid waste into storm drainsand non-control of leachates from refuse dumps.A major problem is pollution from food processingwaste and decay from aquatic life. Theseproblems are compounded by poor land use andagricultural practices. As a consequence, concentrationsof waste frequently exceed the ability ofrivers to assimilate them, and water-borne andwater-based diseases have become widespread.The consequent deterioration of water quality isa significant form of depletion since it reducesthe availability of usable water resources, thusincreasing the cost of their development andrefinement and increasing scarcity. Figure 6.3shows the dynamics of water availability andfreshwater scarcity for the years 1990-2000.The deterioration of the quality of water, especiallysurface waters, also results from eutrophicationand the proliferation of invasive aquaticplants. Eutrophication is a factor mainly foundin lakes. Water hyacinth has already seriouslyaffected most water bodies like Lake Victoria,Lake Chivero and the Nile River. Future threatsmay include pollution from petroleum productionand refineries, pollution from agricultural956Source: AWDR National Report, 2003. Moukolo and al (1992) Note: P (mm): rainfalls in mm; ETR (mm): real evapotranspiration in mm; Ie (mm): effectiveinfiltration in mm; Kr (%): percentage of runoff coefficient.3856614729013676403396975,51,28,811,0waste, such as fertilizer and pesticides, and pollutionfrom small-scale industries dispersed inlarge urban areas. The impact of saltwater intrusionalready mentioned is felt mostly along theMediterranean coast and the oceanic islandssuch, as the Comoros, which are highly dependenton groundwater resources. It is due in partto overexploitation of groundwater resources.Water Conservation in AfricaHuman activity associated with the use ofwater bodies, through the construction of reservoirs,canals and various structures for waterintake and discharge may cause great changesin the hydrographic network and river runoffregime. Reservoirs are an important componentof the hydrographic network in Africa.There were no large reservoirs in Africa priorto the 1950s as most of Africa’s large waterprojects started during the period 1954-1977. Four out of five of the world’s largestreservoirs are in Africa. These include LakeVictoria at the Owen Falls Dam, lake Nasseron the Nile, Kariba lake on the Zambezi andAkosombo lake on the Volta (Shiklomanov,2002). At present, about twenty reservoirs areunder operation or construction, each havinga capacity of more than 5 km 3 . There are morethan one hundred reservoirs in operation orconstruction have a capacity exceeding 100mln m 3 .130
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137: abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Page 152 and 153: espective of the fact that some oth
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Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
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Page 160 and 161: Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Page 166 and 167: South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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