African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Governing WaterWiselyThe institutional framework for water managementshould include the policy-making bodiesthat establish the rules or legislation on thedevelopment and use of water resources andthe legislative bodies and agencies with regulatoryand political functions and responsibilities.These bodies should strive to reconcile the variousinterests of water users at any given time andto ensure that policies and programmes on waterresources are properly implemented. In general,the framework should include:(a) Specific rules and laws governing the assessment,development and use of waterresources;(b) The bodies responsible for policies and decisionson the exploitation and use of waterresources; and(c) The communication and information linksbetween decision-making agencies, groupsdirectly affected by water management programmesand the general public, at variouslevels.The institutional structure for water managementin any country is shaped not only by politicaland administrative bodies but also by thehistorical role of water in national developmentand the perceived desires, needs and value of water.Institutional involvement in water managementtakes various forms and is often dictated bythe prevailing types and levels of water managementproblems such as irrigation management,drainage control or pollution control problems.The diversity also reflects the historical, political,economic, social, administrative, geographical,physiographical and climatic conditions of theterritory concerned.for water management. According to GonzalezVillarreal F.J (1980), such actions could include:(a) Regulation at the water system by takingmeasures aimed at increasing available supplies;(b) Regulation at the boundaries between thewater system and user system, covering thephases of planning, construction and operationof the water infrastructure necessary toensure adequate natural supply to meet thedemand of the whole user system; assessingthe impact of water consumption andgroundwater use on the water system andminimizing such impact through erosionand pollution controls;(c) Regulation at the physical boundaries betweeninter-related users, especially in waterstress regions. This could be by subjectingsuch users to a prioritization schemein the form of differential pricing and allocationfor different uses. It could also involveconflict resolution. Such a regulationis normally better effected if the physicalwater basin is taken as the basis for watermanagement; and(d) Regulation of international costs andboundaries water activities to ensure adequatequantity and quality of water supplyfor various transboundary uses through internationalagreements on water allocationand pollution control.The most recommended forms of water regulationinclude utilization concessions, waste dischargepermits and tariffs. These must be establishedprior to water use. In fixing tariffs, the aimmust not only be to recover capital and operatingcosts but also to promote efficient and beneficialuse of water. The principle of compelling a polluterto bear the cost of de-pollution should bethe economic basis for pollution control.GOVERNING WATER WISELYThe increasing demands for and on water causedby population growth and the obvious reductionin water availability in time and space due to bothnatural and man-made causes such as pollution,call for regulatory actions considered the basisInstitutional Capabilities for IntegratedWater Resources Management (IWRM)From an administrative point of view, the institutional(legislative, organizational and decision-341
African Water Development Report 2006making) framework for water resources managementmust, according to Andah (2002a), striveto include:(a) Preparing an inventory, both quantitativeand qualitative, of surface and groundwatersupplies;(b) Policy-making on water;© Administration of water rights;(d) Planning of water use;(e) Launching projects for the improvement,use and conservation of water;(f ) Operation, maintenance and supervision ofwater works;(g) Settling conflicts and disputes;(h) Coordination of water resources activities;and(i) Water resources research and technologytransfer.National and institutional capacities are neededfor an integrated water resources management.This should include the capacity to produceknowledge and information bases through researchand development in order to ensure timelyavailability of the skills and competences neededfor:(a) Continuous collection of data on the relationshipbetween the hydrological cycle andthe environmental dynamics while maintaininga modern data base managementsystem for archiving, control and retrievalof the data;(b) Assessment of water resources for the designand sustainable management of waterresources projects in a way that is friendlywith natural ecosystems;(c) Monitoring freshwater availability, desertificationprocesses, environmental changeand degradation, and hydrological disasterssuch as floods and droughts, takinginto consideration predictions on climatechange;(d) Development and dissemination of knowledgebases commensurate with the growingdemands on water and the advances in scienceand technology;(e) Development of new technologies andadapting them to local conditions;(f ) Creation of modern information communicationsystems for use at all levels of decisionmaking, and further increasing publicrole in water management.Proper assessment of the water resources of nations,regions or basins, in time and space, is ofcrucial importance to rational and sustainabledevelopment of global water resources. It allowsfor proper use and control of water resourcesright from the sources, providing knowledgeabout the quantity, extent, supply reliability andquality of the water. Through proper assessmentand collection of reliable and adequate data andinformation on water resources status and trends,sound decisions can be made on how best to developand manage these resources.With the above facts in mind, the framework forwater resources assessment includes the following:(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)Resource supply assessment to evaluatethe quantity and quality of surface andground water physically available;Demand assessment to determine waterrequirements for different uses and developmentalternatives, often in conflict withnatural ecosystems;Environmental impact assessment toevaluate the impact of water resources developmentprojects on natural and physicalecosystems;Social impact assessment to examine howsocial and institutional structures affect wateruse and management; andRisk or vulnerability assessment withregard to floods and droughts to provideinformation on the frequency and magnitudeof their occurrence, ways of mitigatingthem and subsequently incorporating theminto the general water resources managementsystem.342
Page 2 and 3:
AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
Page 4 and 5:
CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
Page 6 and 7:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
Page 8 and 9:
The African Water Development Repor
Page 10 and 11:
INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
Page 12:
WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
Page 15 and 16:
African Water Development Report 20
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 36:
INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 44 and 45:
INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47:
(i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49:
Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51:
Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53:
Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55:
Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57:
The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59:
Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61:
ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63:
FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65:
annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67:
Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69:
Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71:
Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73:
Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77:
Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79:
Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83:
Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85:
Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87:
The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89:
FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90:
Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 134 and 135:
PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137:
abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145:
Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147:
Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151:
Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
Page 152 and 153:
espective of the fact that some oth
Page 154 and 155:
Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 156 and 157:
past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159:
Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161:
Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163:
Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165:
Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
Page 166 and 167:
South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
Page 168 and 169:
of interdependent factors which adv
Page 170 and 171:
Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
Page 172:
United Nations Population Divison (
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 262 and 263:
SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
Page 264 and 265:
Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
Page 266 and 267:
Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
Page 268 and 269:
Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
Page 270 and 271:
the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
Page 272 and 273:
1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
Page 274 and 275:
countries in the southern portion o
Page 276 and 277:
to manage water resources among rip
Page 278 and 279:
non-payment of financial dues. Some
Page 280 and 281:
Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
Page 282:
Water Resources Management In Afric
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300: African Water Development Report 20
Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
Page 310 and 311: polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
Page 316 and 317: cipitation monitoring; determinatio
Page 318 and 319: processes and situations or to an o
Page 320 and 321: Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
Page 322 and 323: The requisite enabling environment
Page 324 and 325: African countries can obviously not
Page 326 and 327: the science and technology of the s
Page 328 and 329: Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 338 and 339: particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
Page 344 and 345: IWRM Course Participants according
Page 346 and 347: 5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
Page 348: GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
Page 368 and 369: IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371: Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373: a regional framework for Africa as
Page 374: Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
Page 379: African Water Development Report 20
show all

African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?