African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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to manage water resources among riparians.If a university in one riparian country has arenowned expertise in, for example, hydrology,whereas another riparian is strong onwater quality, exchange staff to take (short)post-graduate courses. Thus regional differencesbecome an impetus for cooperationand exchange, not only between governmentdepartments but also between educationalinstitutions.(d) Joint research. Once educational linkagesexist, a logical step would be to strengthenand stimulate regional research on a varietyof topics related to river basin management.This and the previous activity could be suitablyembedded in a network of institutionsconsisting of universities, non-governmentalorganizations and relevant governmentdepartments;(e) Joint plans. Prepare joint river basin plans,including compatible strategies for waterconservation. Jointly developed plans havemore credibility, and hence are more effective,than plans developed by individualstates. Jointly prepare operational rules forlarge dams that impact on more than oneriparian country. Jointly revise the legal systemsso as to harmonize them. Prepare actionplans for demand management, waterpricing, for joint water use, for inter-basintransfer;(f ) Joint ventures. When two or more countriesdevelop joint ventures (such as the LesothoHighlands project and the Kariba dam), alarge step has been made towards the “communityof interest” of individual countriesin a shared resource. However, joint venturesby a few riparians should not jeopardizethe other riparians of a basin. Suchjoint ventures should thus fall within thescope of a truly basin-wide organization.South Africa, for example shares the Orange/Senqu, Limpopo, Incomati and Maputo riverbasins with its neighbours. These basins:(a) Are where 72 per cent of the population resides;(b) Contribute 77 per cent of the total grossgeographic product;(c) Cover 65 per cent of the country’s land area;and(d) Contain 40 per cent of the water resourcesAt the subregional level, South Africa has enteredinto various cooperation agreements withrelevant riparian countries under the auspices ofthe Southern African Development Community(SADC) within the framework of the RevisedProtocol on Shared Water Courses in SADC.Some of the multilateral agreements at projectlevel directed at the implementation of internationalprojects for the river basins it shares withits neighbours include, according to the AWDRNational Report, 2005:(a) The Lesotho Highlands Water Projectconsisting of dams, tunnels and pipelinesfor transferring water from rivers in Lesotho,through the divide, into the Vaal rivercatchment in South Africa;(b) The Komati River Development Projectcurrently consisting of the Maguga andDriekoppies Dams for storing water mainlyfor irrigation development in Swazilandand South Africa;(c) The Noord-Oewer Irrigation Project thatuses South African infrastructure for a developmentproject in Namibia;(d) The Barberton Water Supply Project thatdraws water from the Lomati River inSwaziland for the South African town;(e) The Phongolo Port Dam where Swazilandhas granted South Africa a storage servitude;and(f ) The Gaberone Water Supply Project thattransfers water from South Africa to thecapital of Botswana.River Basin Organizations (RBOs)African leaders recognized such needs for intercountrycooperation as early as the 1960s andSHARING WATER FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATION267
African Water Development Report 20061970s, soon after most African countries gainedindependence. As a result, a number of intercountrycooperation mechanisms in the formof transboundary river/lake basin organizations(RBOs) were set up in the 1960s and 1970s. Insuch major river/lake basins as the Nile, Zambezi,Congo and Lake Victoria basins, wheresuch mechanisms do not exist, efforts are presentlyunderway to set them up for cooperationamong their riparian countries. Yet, the numberof such mechanisms existing and/or emerging isstill low when compared to the number of majortransboundary river/lake basins in Africa. (over80). For example, there are fewer than ten transboundaryriver/lake basin organizations in Africaand serious efforts are underway to set themup only in two or three others.Most of the existing RBOs set up in the 1960sand 1970s initially had considerable politicalsupport from their member countries and substantialtechnical and financial support from theinternational communities and donor agencies.Some of these RBOs prepared ambitious developmentplans and strategies and some like theSenegal River Basin Organization, the ManoRiver Union, the Niger Basin Authority (Box11.5), the Lake Chad Commission (Box 11.5)and others were initially successful in mobilizingresources and implementing a number of suchdevelopment programmes and projects. Somebasic features of the existing transboundary River/LakeBasin organizations in Africa are shownin table 11.5.However, over the years, some of these RBOsfaced multiple problems, including lack of politicaland financial support from their membercountries and reduction in technical and financialsupport from donor agencies. Some of theseRBOs even had their headquarters temporarilyrelocated because of political instability in theirhost countries. These problems severely affectedtheir performance, especially in the implementationof development projects in their respectivesubregions.Box 11.5The Niger Basin AuthorityThe most important tributary of the Niger is the river Benoue, which takes its rise from Chad, flows throughCameroon with a number of tributaries in Cameroon. Cameroon is a signatory of the November 25th, 1964agreement with eight other countries (Benin, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso)creating the River Niger Commission charged with fostering the promotion and co-ordination of studies andprogrammes relating to the utilization and development of the resources of the River Niger Basin (UN, 1984).This agreement came into effect in 1966 but due to the poor performance of the Commission the agreementwas superseded by two conventions in 1980, creating the Niger Basin Authority (NBA) and a Niger Basin DevelopmentFund. The aim of the NBA is to promote the co-operation among member states and to ensure anintegrated development of the resources of the Niger Basin particularly in the fields of energy, water resources,agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry exploitation, transport, communication and industry.Problems the NBA has faced include:(a) Lack of adequate political and financial support from member countries. For example, the head of state summitscheduled to hold every year in ordinary session has only met 5 times in the last 20 years and only 2 outof the nine members are up to date with their financial contributions (UNECA, 2000). The financial problemsare partly due to the irregularity of summit meetings. Donors view the lack of frequent meetings as an indicationof lack of interest on the part of member states. In 1987, the Summit of Heads of States agreed andsigned an agreement creating a development fund to provide the NBA with the means to initiate major capitalprograms. Till date, this decision has not yet been implemented;(b) The NBA has institutional weaknesses (administrative, managerial), which have not been fully addressed as themission of the NBA has evolved. This led to frequent changes in leadership of the NBA, which did not inspireconfidence in member states and donors and contributed to the financial problems of the NBA with late or268
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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