African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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electricity, and solar power. This range of choicesreflects the country’s high level of economicdevelopment relative to other African countries.Traditional fuel consumption is about 66.52 percent of the total energy consumption in Africa(Energy in Africa, 1999).Within Africa, some regions consume more“traditional” fuel than others. North Africa, forinstance, consumes very little biomass, mainlydue to lack of wood in the desert climate. Centraland East Africa, on the other hand, consumelarge amounts of biomass. Generally, the consumptionof “traditional” fuels is highly labourintensive, inefficient, polluting, and destructiveto the environment, resulting in deforestationand desertification.Fossil Fuel ConsumptionEvery African country consumes at least somepetroleum, regardless of the availability of domesticsupplies. Fewer than half of Africancountries have a domestic refining capacity, andmany of these that do have very small facilities.Oil, as a relatively easily transportable and usable(”fungible”) fuel, is consumed throughoutAfrica. Coal and gas, on the other hand, are notas fungible as oil. Their use, therefore, dependsheavily on the availability of either domestic ornearby resources and the extent to which these resources- along with the necessary transportationinfrastructure - have been developed. Natural gasis consumed almost exclusively by countries withgas reserves/production. Algeria, Egypt, Libya,and Tunisia (all in North Africa), which togetherwith Nigeria (in West Africa), account for 94 percent of total African natural gas consumption.The absence of natural gas consumption in mostAfrican countries results largely from a lack ofpipeline infrastructure. This, in turn, is a resultof several factors, including cost, terrain and politicalfactors (Energy in Africa, 1999).HARNESSING ENERGY FOR DEVELOPMENTRatio of Fossil Energy to Total Energy Consumption by CountrySource: Energy Information Administration / US Department of Energy. http://www.nationmaster.com217
African Water Development Report 2006South Africa, with its own large reserves, is the onlycountry in Africa to consume significant amountsof coal. Oil and natural gas are concentratedheavily in North Africa and West Africa,especially Algeria, Libya, and Nigeria. Othercountries with large oil and/or gas reservesinclude Angola, Egypt, Gabon, and the Congo.Countries with smaller, but still significant, oiland gas reserves include Cameroon, the Sudan,and Tunisia. Mozambique and Namibia (and, toa lesser extent, Tanzania) have significant naturalgas reserves, but no oil (Energy in Africa, 1999).Electric Power in AfricaAt the beginning of 1997, electric-generatingcapacity in Africa totaled nearly 94 gigawatts,about 3 per cent of the world’s total. Most ofAfrica’s generating capacity (76 per cent) isthermal. This is particularly the case in NorthAfrica (88 per cent) and Southern Africa (81per cent). In North Africa, thermal capacity isa mix mainly of oil and natural gas. In SouthernAfrica, it is mainly coal and oil (Energy in Africa,1999).Electric Generation Ability of some Countries76543210Nigeria Ghana Cote d'Ivoire Angola Gabon Senegal Congo,Dem.Rep.CountrySource: Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy. http://www.nationmaster.comPower (Million KW.)LibyaRatio of Hydroenergy Production by CountrySource: Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy. http://www.nationmaster.com218
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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