African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Table 8.13: Specific Nutrients found in the Major Plant GroupsPlant groupNutrientCerealsCarbohydrates, protein, dietary fibre, vitamin B complex, iron, calciumaRootsCarbohydrates, protein, some vitamin CLegumes, oilseeds, nutsCarbohydrates, protein, dietary fibre,a iron,a calcium,a vitamin B complexaFruits and vegetablesVitamin C, vitamin A, iron, calcium, vitamin B complex, dietary fibreSource: FAO, 1997.WATER FOR FOOD SECURITYIrrigation potential and water managedareasThe diversity of water management situationsencountered in Africa requires the choice of aclassification that would best represent the situationof irrigation in each country. The land onwhich water is used for the purpose of agriculturalproduction has been referred to as watermanaged areas. The term ‘irrigated areas’ hasbeen limited to the part of water-managed areasequipped with hydraulic structures: full or partialcontrol irrigation, equipped wetland or valleybottoms and areas equipped for spate irrigation.The difference between the two categories is thatthey comprise cultivated wetland and valley bottomswithout irrigation equipment or recessioncropping areas. Water managed areas comprise14.3 million hectares in Africa. There is a veryheterogenous geographical distribution of water-managedareas: the North has more than 40per cent of the total. Water-managed areas in nationalagriculture vary from less than 1 per centof cultivated land (Democratic Republic of theCongo, Comoros, Ghana, Togo and Uganda) to100 per cent in the most arid countries (Egyptand Djibouti, where agriculture is impossiblewithout irrigation). This distribution of watermanagedareas clearly shows the relationshipbetween climate and the role of irrigation in agriculture(FAO, 1995).In Equatorial Africa, where precipitation is greatest,rain-fed agriculture is dominant. Irrigation isused for winter crops and rice cultivation, or inwetlands and inland valleys, and to secure highvalue crops. In Madagascar, rice cultivation onthe plateaus is highly developed, which explainsthe high percentage of irrigation in that countryeven though rainfall is relatively favourable. Atthe national level, the distribution of water-managedareas is very uneven. Five countries (Egypt,Madagascar, Morocco, South Africa and theSudan), which cover 19 per cent of Africa, holdmore than 60 per cent of the water-managed areas.By adding Nigeria, Algeria, Libya, Angolaand Tunisia, more than 80 per cent of the watermanagedarea is controlled by 10 countries. Incontrast, 28 countries, covering more than 30 percent of Africa, share a mere 5 per cent of watermanagedlands (Fig. 8.7).Irrigation potential in AfricaAs a result of its close relationship with waterresources, irrigation potential is also unevenlydistributed between the regions. It is significantto observe that this value is much less known andstudied in countries benefiting from importantwater resources than in more arid countries. Itshould also be noted that the important transfersof water resources from humid to arid regionsallow these latter to benefit from an irrigationpotential much larger than their internal waterresources would permit, notably Egypt. This isthe case of the regions traversed by the RiversSenegal, Chari and Niger in West Africa; Nile,Juba and Shebele in Eastern Africa; and Limpopo,Orange and Zambezi in Southern Africa,to name some of the most important. The existenceof inter-regional rivers and water transfershampers the computation of irrigation potentialon a regional basis, since this may lead to double205
African Water Development Report 2006counting of parts of the shared resources, whichcould be avoided only through a river-basin approach(FAO, 1995). It should also be notedthat the methods used in estimating irrigationBox 8.2: Republic of the Congopotential vary from country to country, and thatthe choice of methods can significantly affect theresult, especially in humid countries.As part of the national water vision–2025, the following targets related to food security have been adopted:• 10% increase before 2005, 30% before 2015 and 60% before 2025 of water productivity for rain fed andirrigated crops;• 25% increase before 2005, 50% before 2025 and 10% before 2025 of irrigated soils acreage; and• 5% increase before 2005, 100% before 2025 and 25% before 2025 the potential of agriculture, hydroelectricity,industry, tourism and transport at national level.Figure 8.7: Water Managed Areas as Percentage of Irrigation PotentialSource: FAO AQUASTAT online.206
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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