African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Table 15.1: Types of Water Resources Institutions in Some African CountriesTYPE CHARACTERISTICS COUNTRIESLoose or Uncoordinated Institutions Policies fragmented in various ministries withwater interestsGhanaSierra LeoneNigerCameroonTunisiaBotswanaWater Commission / BoardMinistry with mixed authority (Ministry ofWater Resources, Forestry and Fisheries)Ministry of Mines, Water and EnergyMinistry of Water ResourcesRiver Basin AuthoritiesOverall policy-making and coordination withagencies, public corporations and departments ofministries being subordinated or affiliatedPartial or overall policy-making or coordinatingbody for waterSolely responsible for planning and coordinationof water resources activitiesResponsible for coordinating development projectswithin basinsGhanaNigerSudanCongo RepublicNigeriaZimbabweGambiaUgandaZambiaMalawiCameroonSouth AfricaGineaLiberiaBurkina FasoBeninGhanaMaliNigerSenegalSierra LeoneTogoTogoSudanEgyptBurkina FasoEthiopiaKenyaNigeriaAlgeriaNigeriaGhanaAlgeriaEthiopiaZimbabweGOVERNING WATER WISELY(c) Performing a major executive and administrativerole, such as following up the executionof water plans.It has been noted that State intervention in watermanagement increases as the need for propercoordination of planning, development and controlof water administration grows. Such an in-tervention becomes more effective if water usersand beneficiaries are involved in the administrationof water and are interested in paying for itsdevelopment.Since Rio (1992), many African countries have347
African Water Development Report 2006Box 15.5The National Council for Water Resources (NCWR) – NigeriaThe NCWR is the highest policy organ on water resources in Nigeria. It is chaired by the Federal Minister of Water Resourcesand Rural Development and has as members State government Commissioners responsible for water resources developmentand the Chairpersons of DFRRI and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Water Resources Agency. The Council was establishedin 1980 as a technical arm of the National Technical Committee on Water Resources (NTCWR), which meets biannually.Other members include: Federal General Managers of RBDAs, NWRI, NEPA and State Water Boards/Corporations; FederalDepartment Directors of Inland Waterways and Meteorology; ADP Management Unit/Project Manager; representatives ofuniversities, the National Society of Engineers and the consulting industry. The NTCWR meets to take decisions, to advise theNCWR, to deliberate on strategies or to adopt and implement the decisions of NCWR.The six sub-committees established for detailed implementation of the NTCWR decisions comprise water experts broughttogether to discuss and exchange ideas on pressing problems of water resources development promotion. They often set upworking groups to carry out field studies and submit recommendations. They are:(a) The Sub-Committee on Hydrology and Hydrogeology;(b) The Sub-Committee on Irrigation and Drainage;(c) The Sub-Committee on Manpower;(d) The Sub-Committee on Dams; and(e) The Sub-Committee on Erosion and Flood Control.The policy issues originate from proposals made by the various specialized agencies responsible for water resources development.These proposals are then considered by the relevant Sub-Committees of the NTCWR and subsequently sent to theNTCWR for critical and technical analyses after which they are passed on to the NCWR for consideration and adoption. Theadopted policies are sent to the Federal Ministry of Water Resources where they are packaged as a memorandum to the FederalExecutive Council which discusses them for inclusion as a national policy.been working, through ministries, to establishnational coordinating institutions in the form ofwater commissions or directorates, as in Ghana,Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, SouthAfrica, Mauritius, Egypt, the Sudan and, tosome extent, Ethiopia.Decision-making structureGiven the diversity of water resources use, itis almost impracticable for decisions on watermanagement to be made by a singe body. Decisionson water supply and development affectvarious interests and cover sectoral, organizationaland regional issues. The sectoral interestsinvolve water supply for domestic use, irrigation,hydropower generation, transport and recreationwhile the organizational interests concern thebureaucratic bodies dealing with water use anddevelopment. An example of a structure basedon sectoral interests is shown in figure 15.1 forMauritius. Both types of interests even exist sideby side in some cases. Regional interests are usuallymanifested through identifiable physical entitiesor political divisions. Decisions that favourspecific interests over others can lead to imbalancesand conflicts. Hence the need for watermanagement decisions to be made through theinteraction of several bodies and interest groupswhich should work collectively to balance thebenefits and disadvantages to each and everyparty. Experience has shown that establishing anational or regional authority does not necessarilyunify the process since, as already mentioned,no one body can alone cater for all facets of watermanagement. Rather, decision-making on wateris easier under a multi-purpose planning of waterdevelopment based on coordination.Since institutional structures generally vary fromcountry to country and sometimes even withinthe same country, the following criteria should348
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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Page 305 and 306: African Water Development Report 20
Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
Page 316 and 317: cipitation monitoring; determinatio
Page 318 and 319: processes and situations or to an o
Page 320 and 321: Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
Page 322 and 323: The requisite enabling environment
Page 324 and 325: African countries can obviously not
Page 326 and 327: the science and technology of the s
Page 328 and 329: Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 338 and 339: particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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Page 348: GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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Page 368 and 369: IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371: Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373: a regional framework for Africa as
Page 374: Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
Page 379: African Water Development Report 20
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