African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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WATER FOR MEETING BASIC NEEDSForty per cent of the people still live at or belowthe line of absolute poverty and the gap betweenthe rich and the poor keeps on widening. Accordingto the UNDP Human DevelopmentIndex (HDI), computed for the year 2002, 21African countries surveyed were in the mediumhuman development range, with the rest in thelow range.Water and Health Two Interlinked PreciousResources, Water for Health, WorldWater Day, 2001, WHOthe most sensitive to climatic and environmentalconditions. Malaria, the best-known vector-bornedisease, has been declared ‘public enemy numberone’ by the World Health Organization (WHO)and affects more than 500 million people in 90countries, causing 1.5-2.7 million deaths a year(WHO 1997a). The spatial distribution of malariaacross the continent of Africa is shown infigure 5.8. Water-related infections are caused bydirect water contamination by dangerous pathogensor through vector-borne diseases.Vector-borne diseases, affecting a total of morethan 700 million people a year, are considered89
African Water Development Report 2006Figure 5.8: Distribution of Malaria Infectionin Africatrail a high load of municipal sewage, livestockexcreta and industrial wastewater on the sourceof drinking water, both surface and groundwater.Most faecal-oral pathogens are identified as thecause for gastrointestinal illnesses, with a few exceptionslike the hepatitis viruses.There may also be a myriad of pathogens excretedby humans or animals. The greatest impact ofwater pollution on human health comes fromdrinking water serving as a major vehicle forthe transmission of a wide variety of infectiousdiseases. In many industrialized countries, thewidespread occurrence of the protozoan parasitesCryptosporidium and Giardia in surface watersindicates that any drinking water treatmentplant that draws its water from a surface source,is at risk (Yamamura S. T. el al., 2002).The Burden of Water-associated IllhealthWaterborne diseases infect billions of people annuallyand the mortality reaches five to ten millioncases. Inappropriate handling of excreta, insufficientwater to maintain personal cleanlinessand poor management of the water environmentmay cause enormous risks of ascariasis and otherforms of helminthiasis, leprosy, schistosomiasisand malaria. The World Health Organization(WHO) states that 70 per cent of disease episodesin developing countries are closely linkedto polluted water and/or inappropriate excretatreatment. It also notes that six million childrendie of gastro-intestinal diseases and 500 millionpeople lack clean water to wash their faces annually(Endo T. and Magara Y., 2002). The increasingworld population brings with it an increasingneed for clean freshwater for drinking, hygieneand household purposes as well as for agriculturalirrigation. Population growth also brings in itsLack of access to good quality drinking waterand lack of sanitation, leading to environmentalhealth hazards contribute largely to the very lowlife expectancy in many African countries (fig.5.9). Life expectancy in more than two thirdsof African countries is below the regional averageof about 52 years. Apart from the States innorthern Africa, with the exception of Mauritania,only a few sub-Saharan African countrieshave life expectancy above the average. These includeGhana, Gabon, Senegal, Togo, Eritrea andthe island countries of Saint Helena, Seychelles,Sao Tomé and Principe, the Comoros, Mayotteand Madagascar. The variation within varioussubregions in sub- Saharan Africa is shown inFigure 5.10. The absence of any country of theSouthern Africa subregion can be attributed tothe high prevalence of HIV/AIDS as demonstratedin Box 5.2 for Malawi.90
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137: abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145: Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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