African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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momentum towards addressing issues ofwater risk in Africa;(d) Governance in the water sector is improving,but there remains major constraints ofcapacity weaknesses, exacerbated by the humanresource tragedy of HIV/AIDS;(e) A growing trend towards regionalizationwhich bodes well for enhanced transnationalcooperation in addressing water issues.To enhance the chances of success, any successfulapproach to meeting Africa’s water challengeswill have to be based on principles which Vordzorgbe,S. D, (2003) also lists as follows:(a) Meeting human and ecosystem needs;(b) Comprehensive water resource developmentand management, including givinghigher priority to non-structural means ofmeeting demand;(c) Giving a key role to science and technologyin water resource development and use,particularly smaller scale local technical innovations;(d) Putting emphasis on disaster risk reduction,outlook, framework and institutionalmechanisms, including increasing the importanceassigned to comprehensive andcumulative risk assessment, and, risk transferand pooling mechanisms;(e) Meeting stakeholder interests through participation,cooperation, coordination, decentralization;(f ) Ensuring a knowledge-based developmentand management of the institutionalframework for the water sector, includingmore frequent application of economicprinciples;(g) Implementing sound overall economic andsocial development policies in recognitionof the strong role of other sectors in promotingwater policies;(h) A conducive foreign policy; and(i) National political will.Lest we forgot - East Africa also felt effectsof the Asian tsunamiThe most powerful earthquake in decades generatedthe Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 Decemberwhich killed more than 150,000 people andmade millions homeless in Sri Lanka, Indonesia,Thailand and India and believed to be the mostdestructive tsunami in history. These killer wavesof the tsunami travelled as far as 5,000 kilometersto strike Africa’s eastern coastline with sufficientforce to kill people and destroy property.More than 300 people were reportedly killedon the continent - 298 in Somalia, 10 in Tanzaniaand one in Kenya. Three people were reporteddead in the Seychelles where damage wasalso done to roads, bridges and ports estimatedat $30m. In Somalia, the worst affected countryalong the east coast of Africa, especially thevillage of Harfun near the northern tip of thecountry, some 80 per cent of the homes and allof the water sources and sanitation facilities weredestroyed (UNICEF; 2005). Also, according tothe United Nations Office for the Coordinationof Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA-Somalia),a season of drought, affecting the Sool Plateauand parts of South Central Somalia, was the keyhumanitarian emergency in 2004.The cumulative effects of four years of poor rainfallin the Sool plateau and surrounding areas inSomaliland and Puntland caused massive livestocklosses, rendered many pastoralists destituteand resulted in increased vulnerability and furtherdisplacement (UNICEF; 2005).In countries stretching from the Horn of Africa,down to Tanzania and out into the IndianOcean, lowland flooding and irregularly fast tidalchanges were reported. In the Seychelles, low-lyingcoastal roads were flooded by a 2-metre (sixfoot)surge and power was knocked out fromhundreds of homes. At the airport, fire brigadeswere forced to wash dozens of fish off of the runwayeach time high tides sent water crashing ontothe airfield. Residents and tourists were warnedto be ready to move to higher ground if need be.Beaches at tourist resorts around Kenya’s coastalMANAGING RISKS247
African Water Development Report 2006town of Mombasa were closed because of the extremetidal movements set off by the earthquake.Ten people drowned in Tanzania and more than1,000 people were made homeless in Madagascar.Three people died in the Seychelles, where abridge linking the main airport and capital, Victoria,was destroyed while a village in northernMauritius was submerged for almost three hoursfollowing the surges; about 15 fishing boats weredamaged in the French territory of Reunion(BBC News, 2005).So, What is a Tsunami?most destructive. Tsunamis are not tidal waves.Tsunami waves can be very long (as much as 60miles, or 100 kilometers) and be as far as onehour apart. They are able to cross entire oceanswithout great loss of energy.Historically, the most damaging tsunami onrecord before 2004 was the one that killed anestimated 40,000 people in 1782 following anearthquake in the South China Sea. In 1883some 36,500 people were killed by tsunamis inthe South Java Sea, following the eruption ofIndonesia’s Krakatoa volcano. In northern Chilemore than 25,000 people were killed by a tsunamiin 1868. The Caribbean has been hit by 37verified tsunamis since 1498. Some were generatedlocally and others were the result of eventsSomalia: 298, Tanzania: 10, Kenya:1, Seychelles: 1Source: BBC News, 2005Beaches along East Africa werebuffeted by huge wavesA tsunami is a series of great sea waves caused byan underwater earthquake, landslide, or volcaniceruption. More rarely, a tsunami can be generatedby a giant meteor impact with the ocean. Tsunami(pronounced soo-NAH-mee) is a Japaneseword. Tsunamis are fairly common in Japan andmany thousands of Japanese have been killed bythem in recent centuries. An earthquake generatesa tsunami if it is of sufficient force and thereis violent movement of the earth causing substantialand sudden displacement of a massiveamount of water. A tsunami is not a single wavebut a series of waves, also known as a wave train.The first wave in a tsunami is not necessarily thefar away, such as the earthquake near Portugal.The combined death toll from these Caribbeantsunamis is about 9,500.248
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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Page 262 and 263: SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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