African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withdrawals in AfricaGroundwater Withdrawals cub. m.8007006005004003002001000LibyaMauritaniaMadagascarTunisiaAlgeriaMoroccoEgyptSouth AfricaSomaliaSenegalNigerChadSudanMaliGabonFRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICACountrySource: Facts Africa, www.nationmaster.comTable 4.13: Potential of ground water in MoroccoWatershedsPotential exploitablewater (Mm3/an)Actual extraction(Mm3)Remaining possibility of extraction(Mm3)Loukkos, Tangérois andMediterranean Coasts 226 140 86Moulouya 779 270 509Sebou 453 380 73Oum Er Rbia 326 500*Bou Regreg 126Tensift 458 510* -Souss- Massa 240 640* -South Atlas Region 762 230 532Sahara 16Diffus flow 614 - -TOTAL 4.000 2.670 1.200WithdrawalsThe total amount of water withdrawn in each ofthe subregions for use in agriculture, communitywater supply and industry show that bothat the continental and at subregional levels, thewithdrawals are rather low in relation to boththe rainfall and the internal renewable resources.The only exception is in the northern countrieswhere the withdrawals are, respectively, 18.6%and 152.6 per cent of the rainfall and internalrenewal resources. It is noteworthy that for Africa,as a whole, the amount of water withdrawnfor the three major uses of water amounts to only3.8 per cent of the internal renewable resources.This may reflect a low level of development and65
African Water Development Report 2006ZimbabweZambiaUgandaTunisiaTogoTanzaniaSwazilandSudanSouth AfricaSomaliaSierra LeoneSenegalRwandaNigeriaNigerNamibiaM ozambiqueM oroccoM auritiusM auritaniaM aliM alawiM adagascarLibyaLiberiaLesothoKenyaGuinea-BissauGuineaGhanaGambiaGabonEthiopiaEritreaEq. GuineaEgyptDjiboutiCôte d'IvoireCongo, DemCongoChadC. African RepCape VerdeCameroonBurundiBurkina FasoBotswanaBeninAngolaAlgeriaFig. 4.8: Annual Total Water Withdrawal inAfrican Countriesuse of water resources in the continent. However,variability in rainfall results in frequent bouts ofwater scarcity and, during these times, demandexceeds supply. Human settlement patterns alsoinfluence freshwater availability which, in turn,influence them. Even though the countries ofthe northern subregion have the minimum internalrenewable water, they have higher waterwithdrawals. From figure 4.8, it can be observedthat Egypt and the Sudan have the highest totalwater withdrawal while they are joined by othercountries like Libya, Swaziland, and Madagascaras the countries with the highest per capita withdrawalof water (fig. 4.9).ZimbabweZambiaUgandaTogoTanzaniaSwazilandSudanSouth AfricaSomaliaSierra LeoneSenegalRwandaNigeriaNigerNamibiaM ozambiqueM oroccoM auritaniaM aliM alawiM adagascarLibyaLiberiaLesothoKenyaGuinea-BissauGuineaGhanaGambiaGabonEthiopiaEritreaEq. GuineaEgyptDjiboutiCôte d'IvoireCongo, DemCongoChadCape VerdeCameroonC. African RepBurundiBurkina FasoBotswanaBeninAngolaAlgeriaFig. 4.9: Africa Per Capita WaterWithdrawal0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 700000 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Source: World Resources Institute – Earth Trends. The Environmental InformationPortal: http://earthtrends.wri.org/Note: Annual Total Water Withdrawals is the gross amount of water extracted fromany source, either permanently or temporarily, for a given use. It can be either divertedtowards distribution networks or directly used. It includes consumptive use,conveyance losses, and return flow.Source: World Resources Institute – Earth Trends. The EnvironmentalInformation Portal: http://earthtrends.wri.org/Note: Per Capita Annual Total Water Withdrawals is the grossamount of water extracted, on a per person basis, from any source,either permanently or temporarily, for a given use. It can be eitherdiverted towards distribution networks or directly used. It includesconsumptive use, conveyance losses, and return flow66
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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Page 23 and 24: African Water Development Report 20
Page 36: INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 44 and 45: INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65: annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69: Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71: Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73: Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 76 and 77: Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81: Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83: Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85: Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87: The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89: FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90: Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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