African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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particular relevance to data collection andanalysis, water resources assessment, waterresources planning, development and managementin an IWRM framework; and(c) To publish high quality research papers onwater resources technologies as a processof reducing the gap between the developedand developing countries and also to promotesouth-south technology transfer fromone developing region to another.The envisaged journal can be a periodical, dependingon availability of funds, covering allaspects of Integrated Water Resources Managementwith the purpose of enhancing knowledgeand information dissemination among waterrelatedexperts, policy and decision makers andthe general populace. If properly managed, it cansurely contribute to capacity building and the accessof professional enhancement of research andtechnical personnel in the water sector.The Role of United Nations Agenciesand Non-Governmental OrganizationsVarious UN agencies are actively engaged inknowledge and information transfer to the developingcountries. They serve as a pool of expertisecontributing to the creation of knowledgebases and also collect and collate informationand experiences of water resources worldwideand disseminate them. These are in the form scientificand technical documents of knowledgebases in the relevant fields as well as guidelineson water resources practices for dissemination indeveloping countries. These documents are preparedthrough consensus by international expertsand professionals based on valid specific knowledgeand technological practice. The channels ofknowledge and information dissemination aresemi-governmental national committees or bodies.Such information dissemination mechanismsare however weak owing to the strict top-downinstitutional framework which often hinders thedivulgation of such knowledge to researchers andto implementers of water resources programmes.Below are some UN agencies highly engaged inwater and environmental related activities:United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural OrganizationThe launching of the International HydrologicalDecade (1965-1975) by UNESCO, for thefirst time in water resources practice, gave ventto world-wide concerted efforts to recognize theindispensable role of hydrology in water resourcesdevelopment and management. The IHDwas followed by the International HydrologicalProgramme (IHP) in 1975 which has continuedsince then and it is now in its 6 th phase.The themes and orientations of the various programmesare summarized as follows:(a) The first phase, IHP-I, lasted from 1975to 1980. IHP-II, on the other hand, wasof a shorter duration (1981-1983). Thiswas to enable the Programme to fit in withthe timing of the Medium Term Plan ofUNESCO. The IHD was mainly researchoriented.IHP-I, which followed on fromthe IHD, maintained much of the researchorientation;(b) The next phases were oriented to includepractical aspects of hydrology and water resourcesin response to the concerns of memberStates. Hence IHP-II (1981-1983) andIHP-III (1984-1989) were planned underthe theme Hydrology and the ScientificBases for Rational Water Resources Management;(c) The theme chosen for IHP-IV (1990-1995)was: “Hydrology and Water Resources SustainableDevelopment in a Changing Environment”;(d) The just ended cycle, IHP-V, (1996-2001),was devoted to the theme: “Hydrology andWater Resources Development in a VulnerableEnvironment”;(e) The present phase of IHP, IHP-VI, cov-ENSURING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE329
African Water Development Report 2006ering the period 2002-2007, is devoted to“Water Interactions: Systems at Risk andSocial Challenges”.World Meteorological OrganizationFor over 65 years, the World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO) and its predecessor, theInternational Meteorological Organization, havesupported National Hydrological Services, RiverBasin Authorities and other institutions responsiblefor water management in a wide range ofactivities which together form the Hydrologyand Water Resources Programme of WMO. Theprogramme provides for the collection and analysisof hydrological data as a basis for assessingand managing freshwater resources, for example,for human consumption, sanitation, irrigation,hydropower production and water transport, andfor flood forecasting systems and the predictionof droughts. The overall objective of the Hydrologyand Water Resources Programme is to applyhydrology to meet the needs for sustainable developmentand use of water and related resources;to mitigate the impact of water-related disasters;and to effectively manage the environment at thenational and international levels.The Programme is implemented through fivemutually supporting components, namely:out by the Water Development and ManagementService, and are dedicated to sustainableuse and conservation of water in agriculture, including:(a) The assessment of water resources andmonitoring of agricultural use;(b) Assistance in water policy formulation andpromotion of irrigated agriculture and efficientwater use through management innovations,modernization and institutionalreforms.The Service is responsible for the conceptual designand the technical backstopping of the waterdevelopment projects in field, and for the operationof inter-regional, water related field projects.Organizationally, the service articulates its activitiesthrough four thematic working groups:(a) Water Information, Policy and ResourceManagement;(b) Water Development, Technology andSmall-Scale Irrigation;(c) Water Management and Irrigation Systems;and(d) Water Quality and EnvironmentWith regard to knowledge and information dissemination,the aims of the Water Developmentand Management Service are:(a) Basic Systems in Hydrology (includingHOMS and WHYCOS);(b) Forecasting and Applications in Hydrology;(c) Sustainable Development of Water Resources;(d) Capacity Building in Hydrology and WaterResources;(e) Water-related Issues.Food and Agricultural OrganizationThe water-related activities of FAO are carried(a) To create awareness and contribute to theinternational debate on food security, sustainablewater development and resourceconservation;(b) To promote appropriate water policy andintegrated water management in river basinsincluding information sharing andconflict resolution in shared river basins;(c) To promote an integrated and multi-disciplinaryapproach to water management,taking into account the major land-waterinteractions. It also provides mechanisms toensure benefit sharing by all stakeholders;(d) To promote efficient use and conservation330
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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Page 287 and 288: African Water Development Report 20
Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
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Page 326 and 327: the science and technology of the s
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Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
Page 344 and 345: IWRM Course Participants according
Page 346 and 347: 5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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Page 368 and 369: IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371: Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373: a regional framework for Africa as
Page 374: Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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