African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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African countries can obviously not absorb bythemselves As these new technologies are, ashas been said, mostly needed for the monitoringand management of hydro-climatic data andfor rationalising water resources development ina situation of diminishing resources and generallack of human skills (Box 16.6), there is an urgentneed to device a mechanism based on internationalcooperation to facilitate education andtraining and reduce the related costs within thewider context of technology transfer.Modalities for Water Technology Transferand Information DisseminationThe low level of development and exploitation ofwater resources in African countries versus thegrowing demand for water in response to populationgrowth and socio-economic developmentnecessitates urgent infusion of the needed technologiesinto water resources development andmanagement. The aim of any technological useor transfer is to effect a given action either forwater use development or for water resources assessmentand management.Obviously, a rich store of scientific and technologicalknowledge and information on waterresources exist in the developed world, but arelacking in Africa. The problem is how to developan effective mechanism for their transfer to theneedy African countries. Water resources developmenthad already attained a very high andsaturated level even before scientific and technologicalmethods and tools reached the pres-ENSURING THE KNOWLEDGE BASEBox 16.6: Scientific Basis of International CooperationThere are strong physical and socio-economic bases for international cooperation in water technology and knowledgetransfer in order to enhance the monitoring of the hydrological cycle, freshwater resources, climate changedynamics and hydrometeorological extreme events. Andah (1992) summarizes the global interconnections inwater resources as follows:Physical(a) Catchment hydrology to global hydrology: The complex interaction of the hydrological cycle withthe environment including the feedbacks which exist between the components of the atmosphere, lithosphereand biosphere of the planet earth;(b) Regional and continental teleconnections between climatic anomalies: Analysis of spatial andtemporal teleconnections of atmospheric anomalies such as the Southern Oscillation phenomenon like theEl Niño;(c) Climate change: Development of Atmospheric General Circulation Models and their coupling mechanismswith the regional and local hydro-climatic processes;Socio-economic(a) National water resources to global water resources: The interaction of local and regional water usewith the global water needs and the import/export of Africa’s “green water”, what is generally referred toas “virtual water”;(b) Land use and environmental change: The control of land use practices like deforestation and desertificationwhich have negative repercussions on both the regional and global climate and the hydrologicalcycles;(c) Disparity in technological and socio-economic development: the North-South disparity meansdifferent levels of water resources development, of scientific and technological knowledge and of data collectioncoverage both in time and space and the urgent need for their global harmonization.Specifically, international cooperation efforts should be directed at:(a) Technology transfer through aid programmes and grants;(b) Promotion of exchange of information, experience and knowledge regarding water resources; and(c) Identification and development of joint activities in the areas of training, research and development.315
African Water Development Report 2006ent level of sophistication. Consequently, waterresources management in developed countries isnow directed more towards correcting the imbalancesbetween the physical and the social aspectsof water resources development and management.In African countries, where the process ofharnessing water resources for national developmentis at its early stages, the efforts of waterresources management are to be directed moretowards effective and rational planning and developmentof available water resources. However,in Africa, apart from the obvious problems offinance, the problem of manpower to deal withthe diverse forms of water resources systems andtheir interaction with the environment and societynecessitates maintaining a system of continuingeducation.Three of the main ways of knowledge disseminationand transfer are formal and informal education,applied and joint research and networkingbetween water institutions. Together, thesemechanisms and the others also constitute themeans of achieving capacity building. Throughresearch and development, in particular, the necessaryconditions for adapting and assimilatingnew technologies by building the necessary humanand institutional capacity for integrated waterresources management can be created. Theemain means of doing this are discussed below.Education and TrainingAs already mentioned African countries (likemost developing countries) lack the high-levelacademic facilities and infrastructure (includingprogrammes) for highly advanced postgraduatetraining in sustainable water resources developmentand management. Yet in the present ageof globalization, global aspects of education andtraining should not be ignored. The concepts ofglobal climatic and hydrological teleconnections,and also of the impending processes of a climatechange all call for international cooperation tomonitor and develop water resources from aglobal perspective. Technologically, hydrologyand water resources activities have, in recentyears, been largely influenced by developmentsin computer and telecommunication technologies.Methodologies for hydrological and waterresources assessment and modelling involve extensiveuse of computers and such other tools asthe radar and satellite systems. Obviously, continuingeducation should include the disseminationof critical information on the use of thesetechnologies: remote sensing, satellite imagery,telemetry, computer-based water resources managementand decision support systems for irrigation,water supply, environmental control andothers.Formal Education: The main mechanism oftechnology transfer is knowledge acquiredthrough formal educational at the vocationaland university levels. At each level, students areintroduced to state-of-the-art hydrological sciencesand water resources systems as well as theaccompanying basic technological and infrastructurerequirements. Vocational training fortechnicians is normally done in technical institutions;specialized higher technical trainingwithin public works, civil engineering and agriculturalschools. Technicians are trained on howto set up and maintain new and existing technologies.Water professionals are normally drawnfrom different disciplines of university educationlike civil, agricultural or mining engineering andother fields of physical sciences like geology, geographyand physics. First degree courses in hydrology,hydro-meteorology, and water resourcesengineering are available only in large countrieswith enhanced water resources activities whereasmost countries depend more on post-graduatetraining courses to prepare professionals inhydrology and water resources. With respect topostgraduate studies and with special referenceto the UNESCO-sponsored training courses, anattempt is made at this stage to filter out backgroundbiases towards creating professional hydrologists,water resources engineers and managers.It is also at this level that attempts are madeto concretize hydrological and water resourcesconcepts and more specifically the advances in316
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
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Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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Page 368 and 369: IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371: Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373: a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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