African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

African countries can obviously not absorb bythemselves As these new technologies are, ashas been said, mostly needed for the monitoringand management of hydro-climatic data andfor rationalising water resources development ina situation of diminishing resources and generallack of human skills (Box 16.6), there is an urgentneed to device a mechanism based on internationalcooperation to facilitate education andtraining and reduce the related costs within thewider context of technology transfer.Modalities for Water Technology Transferand Information DisseminationThe low level of development and exploitation ofwater resources in African countries versus thegrowing demand for water in response to populationgrowth and socio-economic developmentnecessitates urgent infusion of the needed technologiesinto water resources development andmanagement. The aim of any technological useor transfer is to effect a given action either forwater use development or for water resources assessmentand management.Obviously, a rich store of scientific and technologicalknowledge and information on waterresources exist in the developed world, but arelacking in Africa. The problem is how to developan effective mechanism for their transfer to theneedy African countries. Water resources developmenthad already attained a very high andsaturated level even before scientific and technologicalmethods and tools reached the pres-ENSURING THE KNOWLEDGE BASEBox 16.6: Scientific Basis of International CooperationThere are strong physical and socio-economic bases for international cooperation in water technology and knowledgetransfer in order to enhance the monitoring of the hydrological cycle, freshwater resources, climate changedynamics and hydrometeorological extreme events. Andah (1992) summarizes the global interconnections inwater resources as follows:Physical(a) Catchment hydrology to global hydrology: The complex interaction of the hydrological cycle withthe environment including the feedbacks which exist between the components of the atmosphere, lithosphereand biosphere of the planet earth;(b) Regional and continental teleconnections between climatic anomalies: Analysis of spatial andtemporal teleconnections of atmospheric anomalies such as the Southern Oscillation phenomenon like theEl Niño;(c) Climate change: Development of Atmospheric General Circulation Models and their coupling mechanismswith the regional and local hydro-climatic processes;Socio-economic(a) National water resources to global water resources: The interaction of local and regional water usewith the global water needs and the import/export of Africa’s “green water”, what is generally referred toas “virtual water”;(b) Land use and environmental change: The control of land use practices like deforestation and desertificationwhich have negative repercussions on both the regional and global climate and the hydrologicalcycles;(c) Disparity in technological and socio-economic development: the North-South disparity meansdifferent levels of water resources development, of scientific and technological knowledge and of data collectioncoverage both in time and space and the urgent need for their global harmonization.Specifically, international cooperation efforts should be directed at:(a) Technology transfer through aid programmes and grants;(b) Promotion of exchange of information, experience and knowledge regarding water resources; and(c) Identification and development of joint activities in the areas of training, research and development.315
African Water Development Report 2006ent level of sophistication. Consequently, waterresources management in developed countries isnow directed more towards correcting the imbalancesbetween the physical and the social aspectsof water resources development and management.In African countries, where the process ofharnessing water resources for national developmentis at its early stages, the efforts of waterresources management are to be directed moretowards effective and rational planning and developmentof available water resources. However,in Africa, apart from the obvious problems offinance, the problem of manpower to deal withthe diverse forms of water resources systems andtheir interaction with the environment and societynecessitates maintaining a system of continuingeducation.Three of the main ways of knowledge disseminationand transfer are formal and informal education,applied and joint research and networkingbetween water institutions. Together, thesemechanisms and the others also constitute themeans of achieving capacity building. Throughresearch and development, in particular, the necessaryconditions for adapting and assimilatingnew technologies by building the necessary humanand institutional capacity for integrated waterresources management can be created. Theemain means of doing this are discussed below.Education and TrainingAs already mentioned African countries (likemost developing countries) lack the high-levelacademic facilities and infrastructure (includingprogrammes) for highly advanced postgraduatetraining in sustainable water resources developmentand management. Yet in the present ageof globalization, global aspects of education andtraining should not be ignored. The concepts ofglobal climatic and hydrological teleconnections,and also of the impending processes of a climatechange all call for international cooperation tomonitor and develop water resources from aglobal perspective. Technologically, hydrologyand water resources activities have, in recentyears, been largely influenced by developmentsin computer and telecommunication technologies.Methodologies for hydrological and waterresources assessment and modelling involve extensiveuse of computers and such other tools asthe radar and satellite systems. Obviously, continuingeducation should include the disseminationof critical information on the use of thesetechnologies: remote sensing, satellite imagery,telemetry, computer-based water resources managementand decision support systems for irrigation,water supply, environmental control andothers.Formal Education: The main mechanism oftechnology transfer is knowledge acquiredthrough formal educational at the vocationaland university levels. At each level, students areintroduced to state-of-the-art hydrological sciencesand water resources systems as well as theaccompanying basic technological and infrastructurerequirements. Vocational training fortechnicians is normally done in technical institutions;specialized higher technical trainingwithin public works, civil engineering and agriculturalschools. Technicians are trained on howto set up and maintain new and existing technologies.Water professionals are normally drawnfrom different disciplines of university educationlike civil, agricultural or mining engineering andother fields of physical sciences like geology, geographyand physics. First degree courses in hydrology,hydro-meteorology, and water resourcesengineering are available only in large countrieswith enhanced water resources activities whereasmost countries depend more on post-graduatetraining courses to prepare professionals inhydrology and water resources. With respect topostgraduate studies and with special referenceto the UNESCO-sponsored training courses, anattempt is made at this stage to filter out backgroundbiases towards creating professional hydrologists,water resources engineers and managers.It is also at this level that attempts are madeto concretize hydrological and water resourcesconcepts and more specifically the advances in316
Page 2 and 3:
AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
Page 4 and 5:
CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
Page 6 and 7:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
Page 8 and 9:
The African Water Development Repor
Page 10 and 11:
INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
Page 12:
WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
Page 15 and 16:
African Water Development Report 20
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 36:
INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 44 and 45:
INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47:
(i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49:
Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51:
Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53:
Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55:
Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57:
The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59:
Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61:
ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63:
FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
Page 64 and 65:
annual flows of rivers and groundwa
Page 66 and 67:
Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
Page 68 and 69:
Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
Page 70 and 71:
Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
Page 72 and 73:
Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
Page 76 and 77:
Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
Page 78 and 79:
Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
Page 80 and 81:
Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
Page 82 and 83:
Although some African countries hav
Page 84 and 85:
Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
Page 86 and 87:
The problem of wastewater disposal
Page 88 and 89:
FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
Page 90:
Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 134 and 135:
PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
Page 136 and 137:
abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
Page 138 and 139:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
Page 142 and 143:
Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
Page 144 and 145:
Fertilisers are also a potential th
Page 146 and 147:
Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149:
Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151:
Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
Page 152 and 153:
espective of the fact that some oth
Page 154 and 155:
Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
Page 156 and 157:
past few decades, population densit
Page 158 and 159:
Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
Page 160 and 161:
Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
Page 162 and 163:
Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165:
Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
Page 166 and 167:
South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
Page 168 and 169:
of interdependent factors which adv
Page 170 and 171:
Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
Page 172:
United Nations Population Divison (
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 262 and 263:
SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
Page 264 and 265:
Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
Page 266 and 267:
Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
Page 268 and 269:
Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
Page 270 and 271:
the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
Page 272 and 273:
1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
Page 274 and 275: countries in the southern portion o
Page 276 and 277: to manage water resources among rip
Page 278 and 279: non-payment of financial dues. Some
Page 280 and 281: Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
Page 282: Water Resources Management In Afric
Page 285 and 286: African Water Development Report 20
Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
Page 310 and 311: polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
Page 312 and 313: Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
Page 314 and 315: The present day call for integrated
Page 316 and 317: cipitation monitoring; determinatio
Page 318 and 319: processes and situations or to an o
Page 320 and 321: Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
Page 322 and 323: The requisite enabling environment
Page 326 and 327: the science and technology of the s
Page 328 and 329: Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
Page 330 and 331: Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
Page 338 and 339: particular relevance to data collec
Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
Page 344 and 345: IWRM Course Participants according
Page 346 and 347: 5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
Page 348: GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
Page 368 and 369: IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
Page 370 and 371: Public Participation;(d) Informatio
Page 372 and 373: a regional framework for Africa as
Page 374:
Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379:
show all

African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?