African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Protected areas in Africa occupy slightly over 2million sq km or 7 per cent of the continent’s surfacearea of 30 million sq km (fig. 6.10). Barrenand sparsely vegetated lands comprise about 9.6million sq km of the various ecoregions, whereasbiodiversity-rich tropical evergreen broadleafforests comprise about 3 million sq km. Of thebarren and sparsely vegetated lands, about 4 perFigure 6.10: Degree of Protected Areas in Africa by Vegetationcent are protected. Closed shrublands, which areestimated at over 700,000 sq km in size, havethe largest proportion of protected area, approximately14 per cent. About 2 million sq km, or 8per cent, of croplands and a mosaic of croplandsmixed with natural vegetation are under protectedstatus (Singh et al, 1998).Protecting Ecosystems in AfricaSource: Singh A. et al.,1998Box 6.4Global Land Cover Characteristics (GLCC) Project Methodology for Ecosystem Areas1. Water bodies are oceans, seas, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers. They can be either fresh or salt water bodies.The classifications reported here are published using the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)definitions. Please consult the IGBP website (http://www.igbp.kva.se/) for further details. Water bodies area isthe area, in hectares, of water bodies, as determined by the Global Land Cover Characteristics (GLCC) project.The project uses a framework of temporal and spatial patterns of satellite data, in conjunction with ancillary data,to assign a vegetation classification to each pixel.2. Urban and built-up areas are covered by buildings and other man-made structures. Note that this class will notbe mapped from the AVHRR imagery but will be developed from the populated places layer that is part of theDigital Chart of the World (Defense Mapping Agency, 1992).The GLCC describes the method used to classify vegetation types as a “multitemporal unsupervised classificationof NDVI data with post-classification refinement using multi-source earth science data.” NDVI data are ameasure of “greenness” derived from satellite data. The satellite data in this study were from the Advanced VeryHigh Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and have a resolution of 1 X 1 km. The other data sets employed werea digital elevation model to help model ecological factors that govern natural vegetation distribution, ecoregionsdata to help determine where vegetation would be stratified by seasonal impacts, and maps of soils, vegetation,and land cover to help with the post-classification refinement.The satellite data used to develop the Earth cover classifications were recorded over a 12-month period spanningApril 1992-March 1993. The approach used to classify the satellite data into different land cover types wasimplemented and refined over the course of the following decade, with version 2.0 being released in 2001.145
African Water Development Report 2006The GLCC study was able to arrive at 18 classifications of vegetation and other land cover types using these dataproduct through the following steps:1. AVHRR data preparation: In this step the daily satellite data are composited into one monthly value so as toprovide higher-quality, cloud-free images. Masks are applied to screen out built-up areas, water bodies, permanentice, and barren areas, all areas where NDVI is not a useful indicator of land cover type.2. Unsupervised classification: Those areas not screened out are classified using an automated classification approachcalled unsupervised clustering, often used where location and characteristics of specific classes are unknown.3. Preliminary Labelling: After clusters are determined, the characteristics of each are investigated to determinethe land cover type or types falling within it. Statistics and graphs of each are generated and are then interpretedand a land cover type or types are assigned to each class.4. Postclassification Stratification: This step separates classes containing two or more disparate land cover types.This step is important because disparate land cover types, usually natural and agricultural land cover types, areoften clustered together due to spectral similarities.5. Final Land Cover Characterization: The final step is to derive a collection of attributes that describe the characteristicsof each seasonal land cover region. The classifications are then labeled according to various commonlyusedschemes and published. WRI publishes the version labeled according to the International Geosphere-BiosphereProgramme (IGBP).Following publication of the GLCC database, a number of scientific teams assessed the accuracy of the GLCC’sapproach by comparing the results with higher-resolution satellite imagery. These teams found that the accuracyof the GLCC’s approach was, depending on the assessment approach, in a range from 60 to nearly 80 per cent,meaning that the assessment teams’ classification of a given area agreed with the GLCC’s classification between60 and 80 per cent of the time.Source: Loveland el al. 2000Human activities encroach on the natural habitatsof many species. The loss, fragmentation andconversion of natural areas due to the spread ofcultivation and pasture are a major factor contributingto the loss of Africa’s biodiversity (ECA,2001). While Africa currently makes a relativelysmall contribution to global climate change, it isextremely vulnerable to the results of it. A significantchange in climate over the next 50 to 100years is likely to result in conditions under whichmany natural populations of wild organisms maybecome incapable of existing within their naturalranges. Changes in temperature and precipitationare likely to seriously affect the present distributionof many species. Thus, climate changeis an additional factor threatening the survival ofspecies. Some species - such as mosquitoes andother disease vectors and some pests may flourishand expand their ranges (ECA, 2001).Population, Urbanization and EcosystemAfrica has undergone major social, economic andpolitical transformations. At the turn of the 20thcentury, the total population was only 118 million,7.4 per cent of the world population. By 1997, thepopulation was estimated at 778.5 million, morethan 13 per cent of the world population (UNEPGEO-2000; United Nations Population Division1996). It is projected that by the year 2025,the population of Africa will almost double to 1453 million, representing about 18 per cent of theprojected world population (ibid). This high rateof population growth should be expected for thefuture and is a very important factor of the humanimpact on the hydrological regime of water bodiesand on renewable freshwater resources. In spite ofthe seemingly intensive population growth of the146
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 103 and 104: African Water Development Report 20
Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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Page 138 and 139: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Page 142 and 143: Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
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Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
Page 164 and 165: Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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Page 170 and 171: Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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