African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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The requisite enabling environment as regardsthe general infrastructure level capable of encouragingthe assimilation of technology transferand information dissemination includes thefollowing:(a) A high level of general schooling for thepublic (fig. 16.4);(b) An effective human resources managementsystem with motivation and incentives;(c) A relatively large number of engineers andscientists;(d) A system for updating and evaluating theknowledge and skills of professionals;(e) A good level of telecommunication and energytechnologies with ample national coverage;(f ) Committed allocation of funds for waterresources activities.people and institutions at local, national, regionaland global levels, aimed at sustaining development.This would involve the building of knowledgeand information bases and their subsequentdissemination among all stakeholders at all levels.Information contributes to awareness and canlead to proper perceptions while knowledge providesskills and hence contributes to competence.Moreover, strategic use of available informationneeds knowledge and to develop and maintaininformation systems requires competence. Inaddition to the capacity needs discussed above.The tools for technology transfer and the meansof effecting capacity building more often thannot converge within an enabling environmentwhich promotes the establishment, adaptationand assimilation of technology, knowledge andinformation in a given society according to itspolitical, cultural and socio-economic structures.The combination of requirements in this regardwould include:ENSURING THE KNOWLEDGE BASEFor any technology to be effective, its transfermust be backed by a process of capacity buildingwhich can be defined as the sum of efforts toenhance and utilize the skills and capabilities of(a) Improvement in the general educationallevel and set-up;(b) Opportunities for professional educationand training both formal and informal;Figure 16.4: Government Education Expenditure (% of GDP, 1990-1999)Percent Education Spending9.00%8.00%7.00%6.00%5.00%4.00%3.00%2.00%1.00%0.00%NamibiaSouth AfricaBotswanaTunisiaLesothoSeychellesCongo, Dem. RepLibyaSwazilandLiberiaMoroccoAlgeriaCote d'IvoireEgyptAngolaTogoComorosGhanaBurundiTanzaniaMauritaniaRwandaGambiaSenegalBeninEthiopiaMozambiqueBurkina FasoUgandaGabonData Source: United Nations World Statistics Pocketbook and Statistical YearbookGuinea-BissauMaliMadagascarEquatorial GuineaEritreaSudanSierra LeoneNigeriaSomalia(c) Applied research activities both at the nationallevel and in partnership and coopera-313
African Water Development Report 2006tion with regional and international institutions;(d) Participation in networking mechanisms;(e) Commitment to and participation in internationalwater resources activities;(f ) Development and divulgation of publicawareness programmes; and(g) Sustainable funding of water resources activitiesManpower Needs and SkillsOne of the key limitations to a harmonious developmentand management of water resourcesin Africa is the lack of human and institutionalcapacity to assimilate the modern advances inscience and technology necessary to deal withthe complex interactions between the hydrologicalcycle and the societal needs, while conservingthe environment. Therefore, there is an urgentneed for human expertise and institutional capacityif this goal must be achieved. In Africa,especially sub-Saharan Africa, there is a generallack of specialists in hydrology and water resourcesplanning, systems analysis and modelling.The continent lacks an adequate number ofhighly motivated and highly skilled water professionalswho can effectively deal with the complexissues of water scarcity, climate variabilityand joint management of international waters.The main problems hindering harmonious waterresources management for sustainable developmentin Africa, as defined in the “Strategiesand Action Plan for Water Resources in Africa”(UN-ECA, 1995), include those summarized asfollows:(a) Lack of provision of adequate and accuratedata and information needed for water resourcesmanagement at the national and/orriver basin levels;(b) Continuous depreciation of water in manyAfrican countries;(c) The disastrous impact of excess water(floods), erosion and sedimentation, deteriorationof water quality and water pollutionon the sustainable development of Africa;(d) Fragmentation of water resources managementamong different sectorial interestswith weak overall coordination and qualitycontrol of data;(e) Weak cooperation arrangements betweenriparian countries of international river basins;and(f ) Limited participation of trained indigenouspersonnel in the actual decision-makingand management processes due to over-dependenceon external experts.Below is list showing the type of water resourcesconcerns identified in the Africa Water Vision asspecific key resource and demand issues whose resolutionrequires human and institutional capacities:(a) Resource Side Issues(i) Multiplicity of transboundary water basins;(ii) High spatial and temporal variability ofrainfall;(iii) Growing water scarcity;(iv) Inadequate institutional and financingarrangements;(v) Inadequate data and human capacity;(vi) Inadequate water resources development;and(vii) Depletion of water resources throughhuman actions;(b) Demand Side Issues(i) Access to safe water supply and sanitationservices;(ii) Water for food and energy security;(iii) Too much water wastage; and(iv) Threats to environmental sustainability.Apart from the lack of professionals, there is alsoa lack of technicians, in terms of numbers and ofskills, to operate and maintain instruments andother technological needs of the water sector.Furthermore, the introduction of new technologiesand the acquisition of the skills and expertisethat this requires implies financial costs that314
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 334 and 335: Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Page 342 and 343: The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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