African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Measuring Socio-economic Pressuresin AfricaFrom the socio-economic point of view, Africafaces a crisis of endemic poverty and pervasive underdevelopment.For many African countries, economicperformance in the immediate post-colonialera was good. However, for most of Africa, particularly,sub-Saharan Africa, since the oil crisis of themid-1970s, economic performance has been poorand worsening (Mkandawire, T. and C.C. Soludo,The problems are simply listed for referencesake, for their consequences are only too obvious.These consequences, as outlined by YilmaE., (1996) follow:(a) Economic ProblemsTable 1.7: Socio-Economic Performance Indicators of AfricaIndicator(i) High rate of inflation;(ii) Unfavourable terms of trade;(iii) Falling prices for export commodities andrising prices of imports;performance (%)1965-73 1974-79 1980-85 1986-93 1990-94 1995-98*Population growth rate 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7Growth rate of GDP (avg.) 5.7 3.5 1.8 2.5 1.9 3.75Growth rate of per capita GDP (avg.) 3.0 0.7 -1.1 -0.5 -1.1 1.05Growth rate of agricultural output (avg.) 2.7 3.0 1.5 2.7 2.1 3.4Growth rate of manufacturing output(avg.)7.3 6.7 5.2 2.5 1.3 2.9Growth rate of investment (avg.) 9.6 6.9 -4.8 1.2 0.8 -Savings-GDP (avg.) 16.2 20.9 16.3 15.6 15.3 -Growth rate of exports (avg.) 8.2 2.6 0.4 3.0 0.6 5.25Growth rate of imports (avg.) 7.4 6.2 -2.4 0.7 0.4 5.8Source: AfDB, 1994. * Source: Africa Summary Briefings, Live database, World BankINTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT1999). Over the past 20 years, Africa’s economicgrowth rates have been low, a situation that coincidedwith the IWSSD. Performance was particularlydismal in the 1980s. From 1980 to 1994, averageGDP growth rates were lower than populationgrowth rates (table 1.7). From figure 1.1 below, itcan be observed that GDP during the decade declinedin most subregions.Consideration of the development of drinkingwater and sanitation as well as other water sectorprogrammes in Africa during the mid-1970swould be incomplete if the economic, politicaland climatic conditions prevailing at that timewere not taken into account. This is becausethose conditions negatively affected the progressin the water sector as it did all socio-economicdevelopment activities in the region.(iv) Mounting debt burden;(v) Stagnant or decreasing inflow of OfficialDevelopment Assistance (ODA).(b) Political and Management Problems(i) Political instability arising from frequentmilitary intervention in government;(ii) Civil wars;(iii) Economic mismanagement at the nationallevel.(c) Socio-Cultural Problems(i)Cultural and social norms which have perpetuatedgender inequality in social roles,economic opportunities and politicalpower;
African Water Development Report 2006Table 1.8: Demographic and Social Data of some sub-Saharan African Countries (1987-1997)CountrySurfaceArea(000 Km2)Population(000)Populationgrowth rate,(%)PercentageUrbanizationUrbanpopulationgrowth rate,(%)Life expectancyTotal (Years)Illiterate population+15 years (%)Angola 1247 11723 3,3 33,7 5,7 48 57,9Burkina Faso 274 10971 2,5 30,9 5,9 47,1 80,8Ivory Coast 322 14565 3,5 44,9 5,2 51 59,9Eritrea 124 3639 2,7 17,9 4,4 51,6 ...Ethiopia 1101 59256 2,9 14 4,8 48,7 64,5Ghana 239 18398 3 37,4 4,4 57,2 35,5Kenya 580 29031 3,3 29,3 6,9 54,9 21,9Mozambique 802 16537 2,2 34,2 7 46,6 59,9Niger 1267 9781 3,3 17,8 5,7 47,4 86,4Nigeria 924 118239 2,9 40,9 5,2 51,4 42,9Senegal 197 8765 2,7 43,4 4 50,2 66,9Somalia 638 10103 2,1 26,5 3,3 48 --Sudan 2506 29326 2,9 25,6 4,6 53,3 53,9Tanzania 945 31220 3 25,9 6,4 51,8 32,2Uganda 236 21749 3,2 13,2 5,9 44,1 38,3Zambia 753 9319 3 43,7 4,2 47,5 21,8Zimbabwe 391 11708 2,7 33,6 5,3 52,3 14,9Source: Africa in Figures, Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, 1998(ii) Women’s low level of education, which hasa detrimental impact on maternal and childmortality and morbidity, fertility rates, nutritionalstatus, HIV/AIDS infections andpopulation growth.More recent data show, however, that the period1996-1998 recorded some economic recoveryand average GDP growth rates exceeding populationgrowth rates for the first time in two decades.The recovery was nevertheless consideredfragile as more still needed to be done to achievefull and sustainable recovery.Africa Water Vision 2025 - The WayForwardAFRICA WATER VISION FOR THE YEAR 2025AN AFRICA WHERE THERE IS AN EQUITABLEAND SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENTOF WATER RESOURCES FOR POVERTY ALLEVIA-TION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, RE-GIONAL COOPERATION, AND THE ENVIRON-MENT
Page 2 and 3: AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
Page 8 and 9: The African Water Development Repor
Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
Page 12: WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
Page 15: African Water Development Report 20
Page 19 and 20: African Water Development Report 20
Page 36: INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
Page 44 and 45: INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
Page 46 and 47: (i) Specific for a certain stress o
Page 48 and 49: Water and ecosystemWater and indust
Page 50 and 51: Purpose: Global water security prov
Page 52 and 53: Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
Page 54 and 55: Human Development Index (HDI): This
Page 56 and 57: The Environmental Sustainability In
Page 58 and 59: Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
Page 60 and 61: ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
Page 62 and 63: FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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African Water Development Report 20
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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