African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Built Up Areas1992-93AlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeC.l African RepChadComorosCongoCongo, Dem RepCôte d'IvoireDjiboutiEgyptEq. GuineaEritreaEthiopiaGabonGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauKenyaLesothoLiberiaLibyan Arab JamahiriyaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRéunionRwandaSaint HelenaSao Tome & PrincipeSenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSudanSwazilandTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabwe0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500Table 6.8: Trends in Population Size andGrowth in Nigeriai) Population 1980 64,325,0001990 85,953,0002025 202,857,000ii) Average AnnualRate of PopulationGrowth.1975 3.171985 2.98199/95 2.882020/25 1.93Protecting Ecosystems in AfricaSource: Loveland el al. 2000Note: See Box 6.4 for methodologyTable 6.9: Solid waste production, wastewater treated and garbage collectionsolid waste per capita (kg/year)wastewater treated(%)households with garbage collection(%)Abidjan 365 58 70Ibadan 401 - 40Kinshasa 438 3 0Bujumbura 511 4 41Lomé 693 - 37By comparison:Toronto 511 100 100Source: Habitat 1997149
African Water Development Report 2006It is important to note that the Dublin Principlesexplicitly calls attention to the essential roleof water, not only for development, but also forlife and the environment. It is therefore urgentto recognize the legitimate use of water for sustainingthe environment, especially the life-supportingfunctions of ecosystems. This recognitionshould be reflected in the generation of a broadbasedsupport and a legal basis for ensuring thatwater for maintaining the sustainability of lifesupportingecosystems is adequate in quality andquantity. This requires recognising and integratingthe cardinal roles played by water resourcesin economic development, sustaining the environmentand meeting basic needs for sustaininglife. This means going beyond the normal engineeringexercise of environmental impact assessmentof water projects to consider the environmentand ecosystems as vital resources. MostAfrican countries have slowly begun to initiateexercises of estimating ecological water needsas table 6.10 shows for Swaziland (AWDR NationalReport, 2005). Technological innovationand application can go a long way to make agriculturemore sustainable without excessively occupyingmore lands. New technologies made itpossible to double food production in the worldin just over 25 years, with more than 90 per centof this growth deriving from yield increases andless than 10 per cent from area expansion. Africacan also take advantage of the dissemination ofIntegrated Pest Management approaches whichhave enabled pesticide application to be cut dramaticallywithout reducing productivity.Table 6.10 Estimated stream flows required to meet environmental needs in variousrivers in SwazilandRiver Key point Interim target in-stream flow mean (10 6 m 3 /yr)Komati Diepgezet (RSA*) 190Komati Mananga (GS30) 200Pongola Ndumo (RSA) 300Ngwavuma Border with RSA 50Mkhondvo GS 25 35Hlelo GS 22 35Ngwempisi GS 21 30Usutu GS 23 20Usutu Big Bend (GS 16) 520Mpuluzi Dumbarton 65Lusushwana GS 33 35*Point on the Republic of South Africa (RSA) side nearest to the border with Swaziland(Source: AWDR National Report, 2005. (TPTC, 2002)The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) isbecoming a single indicator for monitoring theenvironment. The ESI is an innovative and pioneeringattempt to bring systemic cross-countryinformation to bear on the critical challenge ofsustainable development. The computation ofthe ESI is based on 21 elements of environmentalsustainability covering natural resourceendowments, past and present pollution levels,environmental management efforts, contributionsto protection of the global commons, anda society’s capacity to improve its environmentalperformance over time. The ESI can therefore bea very useful tool for facing the challenges of resourcedepletion and the lack of capacity for pollutioncontrol which are becoming the dominantconcerns in many African countries. Figure 6.13shows the performance of various African countriesin the world ranking of ESI in 2002 and theAfrican ranking for 2005.150
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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Page 134 and 135: PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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Page 146 and 147: Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
Page 148 and 149: Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
Page 150 and 151: Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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Page 156 and 157: past few decades, population densit
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Page 162 and 163: Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Page 172: United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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polluted due to overgrazing, and ce
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Box 16.2: Indigenous Knowledge on C
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The present day call for integrated
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cipitation monitoring; determinatio
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processes and situations or to an o
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Capacity Building in AfricaFrom the
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The requisite enabling environment
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African countries can obviously not
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the science and technology of the s
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Box 16.9: Research Institutions in
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Global Water Partnership ToolboxThe
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(a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
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Key Outputs: The first steps for th
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Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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particular relevance to data collec
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of water in agriculture through imp
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The UNESCO Water Portal is intended
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IWRM Course Participants according
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5.. Alemayehu Tafesse (Ethiopia), 2
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GLOWA info gsf website: http://www.
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IMPLEMENTATIONOF TARGETS UNDERTHE A
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Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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a regional framework for Africa as
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Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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