African Water Development Report 2006 - United Nations Economic ...

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Key Outputs: The first steps for the three foundingmembers is to compile a list of capacitybuilding institutions in the region as a basis forexpanding the network.Network for Building Capacity for WaterResources Management in SouthernAfrica WaterNetNetwork Coverage: Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho,Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania,Uganda, Zambia and ZimbabweObjectives include:(a) To strengthen the overall human and institutionalcapacity of the water sector in theRegion in order to contribute to the wiseuse of water resources;(b) To stimulate regional cooperation in thefield of education in IWRM;(c) To increase access to training and educationin IWRM for participants from theRegion;(d) To stimulate, regionalize and strengthenresearch in the field of IWRM in the Region.Key Outputs cover:(a) Training;(b) Education;(c) Research;(d) Outreach by sharing the complementaryexpertise of its membersNile Basin Capacity Building Networkfor River Engineering NBCBN-RENetwork Coverage: Burundi, the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,Kenya, Rwanda, the Sudan, Tanzania andUganda.Objectives: To strengthen the human and institutionalcapacity of the Nile riparian States tomanage the water resources in the Nile River Basinin an effective and environmentally sound way.This by strengthening human resources developmentcapacity and research capacity in a specificfield of IWRM, namely River Engineering.Through its capacity building operations in RiverEngineering, the project aims at increasing cooperationamong training and research institutes inthe Nile Riparian States so as to level the playingfield, create mutual understanding and buildconfidence among scientists and politicians fromdifferent countries sharing the same resources.Key Outputs include:(a) To make optimal use of existing capacitiesin the field of River and Hydraulic Engineeringby connecting specialized institutesand experts(b) To enhance communication between theseexperts and institutes;(c) To improve the accessibility of educationand training in River Engineering in theregion.Network of UNESCO ChairsThe establishment of chairs at academic institutionsbased on actual scientific needs of the areais a vivid example of thematic networking whichcreates an interdisciplinary research and teachingteams around a selected theme of interest.The programme combines thematic networkingunder university twinning cooperation with appliedresearch and is managed by the EducationSector of UNESCO. Two types of closely relatedand interdependent activities have become thechief tools used in carrying out the programme:inter-university networks and the internationalUNESCO Chairs. A success story of this approachis the involvement of many UNESCOChairs in the project on the theme ‘Environmentand Development in Coastal Regions and inSmall Islands’ - CSI which has rallied diverse butcomplementary areas of expertise, to address thiscomplex problem in a holistic and all-encompassingmanner. It has created a platform for in-ENSURING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE325
African Water Development Report 2006tersectoral cooperation and fostered cooperationamong stakeholders in Member States, amongscientists from diverse intellectual traditions, andamong complementary programmes and projectswithin UNESCO’s areas of activities. Thispooling of expertise and experience provides thenecessary foundation for developing integratedsolutions to challenging coastal problems basedon the combination of scientific practices withtraditional practices. It is only when scientificand technological knowledge in water managementtakes into consideration traditional wisdomthat ‘wise practices’ can emerge and contribute toa water cultural awareness. The main aim of theUNESCO Chairs programme, an internationalinter-university network established in 1991, is tohalt the “brain drain” from developing countriesand promote the development of university networkingand other cooperation agreements. Theother objective is to link institutions of highereducation at the interregional, regional and subregionallevels. Special attention is paid to establishingcooperation among higher education institutionsin developing countries (South-Southcooperation) particularly in Africa. The UNIT-WIN/UNESCO Chairs programme, is seen asspecially suitable for Africa and has been constantlyexpanding ever since its establishment.The number of UNESCO Chairs established inAfrica is constantly on the increase. There are atpresent 63 of them, some of them coordinated byEuropean inter-university networks. A full list ofChairs involving all types of disciplines may beconsulted at the website.(see www.unesco.org./education/educprog/unitwin/index.html).Examples of projects undertaken by the UNES-CO Chair at the university of Dakar to promote‘wise practices’ include:(a) Conservation and restoration of the mangroveecosystem at the Saloum Delta Biosphere;(b) Reserve, Senegal;(c) Improvement of hygienic and environmentalconditions, Yeumbeul, Senegal;(d) Socio-cultural issues in a traditional coastalcommunity, conservation of biological andcultural diversity, Yoff, Senegal.Public Awareness through Water-relatedPeriodical CampaignsOne of the most important events, if not themost important, of the last century was thelaunching of the International Hydrological Decade(1965-1975) which laid the foundation forhydrology to develop into what is now recognizedas the scientific basis of any rational developmentand management of water resources. Thedecade encouraged decision makers in developingcountries to allocate resources for the instrumentationof some selected river basins and,for the first time, automatic rainfall and waterlevel recorders were introduced into such countries.The successive phases of the InternationalHydrological Programme have also gone a longway to sensitize the water resources communitiesto acquire and share the knowledge bases beinggenerated through these programmes. Effectivenessof public awareness initiatives will largelydepend on information communication technologiesin the countries (figs 16.6 and 7).In terms of awareness creation among waterprofessionals, decision makers, politicians and thepublic at large, the World Day for Water which isobserved on every 22 nd day of March, proclaimedby the United Nations General Assembly in1992 is the most popular water event, especiallyin most African countries. The resolution callson all States to devote the Day, as appropriate inthe national context, to concrete activities such326
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AFRICANWATERDEVELOPMENTREPORT2006
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CONTENTSWater for Sustainable Socio
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis is the final v
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The African Water Development Repor
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INTRODUCTION - WATER FOR SUSTAINABL
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WATER FORSUSTAINABLESOCIO-ECONOMICD
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African Water Development Report 20
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INTERNATIONALAND AFRICANMILESTONESN
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INDICATORS -MEASURING THEPROGRESS O
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(i) Specific for a certain stress o
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Water and ecosystemWater and indust
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Purpose: Global water security prov
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Table 5.1: Adopted targets and indi
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Human Development Index (HDI): This
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The Environmental Sustainability In
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Significant Indicators - Libya1. Li
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ReferencesAfrica Facts: http://www.
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FRESHWATERRESOURCES INAFRICAThe mai
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annual flows of rivers and groundwa
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Fig. 4.3: Actual Renewable Water in
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Box 4.1: Water Availability and Ser
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Table 4.9: Surface Water by Watersh
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Table 4.12: Dynamics of Water Use,
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Figure 4.7: Major Groundwater Withd
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Annual freshwater withdrawals in Ea
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Fig. 4.12: Percentage of Domestic,
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Table 4.15: Desalination capacities
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Although some African countries hav
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Fig. 4.17: Water Poverty Index by S
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The problem of wastewater disposal
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FRESHWATER RESOURCES IN AFRICASourc
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Water Conference, December 3-7, 200
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PROTECTINGECOSYSTEMSIN AFRICAThe pr
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abstracted and flow regulated. Irri
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Figure 6.3: Water Availability and
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Table 6.4: Indication of the Microb
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Fertilisers are also a potential th
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Box 6.2Pollution Control - The Ethi
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Fig. 6.2: Freshwater Ecosystem Area
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Region/Country Mammals Birds Flower
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espective of the fact that some oth
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Protected areas in Africa occupy sl
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past few decades, population densit
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Fig. 6.12: Urban Ecosystem and Buil
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Fig. 6.13 Environmental Sustainabil
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Case Study: Sediment Control andAqu
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Fig 6.15: Comparison of Rainfall, D
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South Africa and Bophuthatswana. (D
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of interdependent factors which adv
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Referencesafrol News, 2001: Lake Ch
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United Nations Population Divison (
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SHARING WATERFOR REGIONALINTEGRATIO
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Table 11.1: Some Major Transboundar
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Table 11.3: Types of Management Ins
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Box 11.3Emerging Principles Underly
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the 1950s severely disrupted tradit
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1000 to 2000 cubic meters (m3) per
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countries in the southern portion o
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to manage water resources among rip
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non-payment of financial dues. Some
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Table 11.5: Some Basic Features of
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Water Resources Management In Afric
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Page 308 and 309: ENSURING THEKNOWLEDGE BASESince anc
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Page 332 and 333: (a) Journal of Hydraulic Research:
Page 336 and 337: Figure 16.6: Number of Radios per 1
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Page 340 and 341: of water in agriculture through imp
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Page 370 and 371: Public Participation;(d) Informatio
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Page 374: Programme SubRegion Estimated Costs
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